Sociology quiz 1

Chapter 1-3

Sociology is the study of the relationship between \________ and the consequences of difference

individuals and society

The concept of the sociological imagination was developed by

C. Wright Mills.

Using \______ makes it possible to gain a better understanding of personal experiences, such as divorce or drug addiction, through an understanding of the role played by larger social forces

the sociological imagination

When viewed from the perspective of C. Wright Mills's distinctions, unemployment is

a private trouble for one person but a public issue when experienced by many as a result of societal factors

In the context of using one's sociological imagination, place is best described a

our position relative to others

Sociology studies how

people who live in a society are interdependent.

The interesting sociological question to be asked, when considering such issues as differences in wages between different demographic groups, is

why these differences form.

Using our sociological imagination involves

recognizing the connection between our own lives and larger social trends.

The example of making a hamburger illustrates which aspect of modern society?

how dependent we are on others

The form of critical thinking called the "sociological imagination" allows us to see that an individual might lose a job because of laziness or other personal shortcomings, but also possibly because of

social forces beyond the control of individual workers.

Which approach to gathering data focuses on listening to and observing people and allowing them to interpret what is happening in their own lives?

qualitative

According to C. Wright Mills, obstacles that people face in their personal life with other individuals are known as

private troubles

Which three of the following are the positional (or place) categories of particular interest to sociologists?

gender, race,social class

Using our sociological imagination, we can see that an essential ingredient of all the products we make and use is

an infrastructure comprising collective wisdom and ability.

The most common way of collecting qualitative information (in contrast to quantitative data) for sociological research is through

participant observation.

According to C. Wright Mills, obstacles faced by individuals as a consequence of the positions they occupy within the larger social structure are

public issues.

As \_____ we are constantly choosing what to do next. Most of the time, we follow guidelines for behavior we have learned from others, but we have the ability to reject those guidelines at any time

individuals

Which of the following best explains the analogy between social structure and a building?

As a building has rooms for specific purposes, society has its institutions.

Which of the following is true of the sociological concept of agency?

It is what allows an individual to choose a course of action.

Comte referred to the principles by which society is held together as social

statics

Society consists of the structure of \______ within which culture is created

relationships

Sociologists use which term to describe some of the major components of social structure, such as family or religion?

institutions

Which two themes have shaped the theoretical and research paths of sociology since its founding as a discipline?

social order and social inequality

Sociology looks at how economic and social resources are distributed and at the implications of these patterns. It also studies the distribution of \________ resources and their effects.

cultural

Sociology as a discipline emerged in a period characterized by which of the following

the spread of democracy

significant social upheaval

Which of these was among Harriet Martineau's contributions to sociology?

writing the first book on sociological research methods

Why is developing a sociological theory significant?

because it helps to further understanding of our actions or behavior

The scientific method developed by early scientists is best encapsulated by which of the following

"Don't just tell me, show me."

Which of the following are considered social sciences? (Choose every correct answer.)

political science, history and economics

In formulating his theory of suicide, Durkheim regarded Catholicism as a system in which

matters of belief are not decided by the individual.

Based on the findings in his study of suicide, Durkheim concluded that

social facts must similarly shape all individual choices.

Auguste Comte asserted that if researchers studied society, they could help find a balance between positive social change and

social stability.

Durkheim's theory was that individual action is strongly shaped by \________ forces.

social

\________ is an umbrella term for the systematic study of human behavior, interaction, and change.

Social science

Which of these are among the "five big sociological questions"

How do power and inequality shape outcomes?

How does interaction shape our worlds?

Durkheim believed that understanding human behavior required looking at the behavior

within a broader social context.

According to Marx, what distinguishes humans from other animals?

The ability to transform raw materials into products.

Ida Wells-Barnett maintained that societies

who claim to have equality should be judged by their actions.

Weber maintained that a person's social power is ultimately based on other people's perception of the

legitimacy of that person's right to rule.

Studying society through the lens of large-scale phenomena describes which of the following?

macrosociology

The conflict perspective focuses on

inequality of power and the tension between groups.

According to Goffman's interactionist theory, individuals behave differently depending on the situation because they are managing how others see them. In every encounter, people respond to each other as if they are all

actors on a stage.

W. E. B. Du Bois warned about the dangers of making sociological pronouncements based on what

brief investigation

common sense

Jane Addams did which of the following?

helped established a settlement house

combined social work, political activism, and intellectual inquiry

The three major sociological perspectives

approach sociology in slightly different ways.

The effects of globalization can best be summarized by which of the following phrases?

It's a small world after all.

Simply by analyzing what we observe on the news or while walking through the mall, we can all practice

personal sociology.

Which sociologist, writing from the perspective of an African American woman, used her analysis of society as a means of resisting oppression?

Wells-Barnett

Using sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is better known as

applied sociology.

Sociology graduates who express the highest levels of job satisfaction apply a variety of skills cultivated in their major, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

creating presentations

analyzing social problems

working in teams

Clinical sociology is

the use of sociology to alter organizations or restructure social institutions.

Sociology

the systematic study of human society

Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)

interdependent relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives

private troubles

problems we face in our immediate relationships with particular individuals in our personal lives

public issues

Problems we face as a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger social structure

Why is place important?

it shapes how we think act and feel

agency

the ability to think, act, and make choices independently

Missouri Principle

"Don't just tell me, show me."

social statistics (Comte)

the way society is held together

Social Dynamics (Comte)

the study of social change

Martineau, Harriet

wrote about the inferior position of women in society, helped inspire future feminist theorists

how did Durkheim test theories

he gathered data from experiments

theory

a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.

What was Durkheim's theory?

Functionalism, social forces shape an individual action

social facts

Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior. how we act is enabled and constrained by social forces outside us

social science

the scientific study of human society and social relationships

natural science

The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change.

anomie

a weak sense of social solidarity due to a lack of agreed upon rules to guide behavior

alienation

loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers

macrosociology

The study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems.

Microsociology

Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means.

The Thomas theorem states that

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences; we act on the basis of perception

W.E.B. DuBois

critical of those who relied on common sense or on all-too brief investigation, researcher has to be more thorough

Wells-Barnett

argued that societies can be judged based on whether the principles they claim to believe in match their actions

Three major theoretical perspectives

functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist

Functionalist Perspective

theoretical perspective that views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system

conflict perspective

theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition and change

interactionist perspective

theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

personal sociology

the process of recognizing the impact our individual position has on who we are and how we think and act, and of taking responsibility for the impacts our actions have on others

globalization

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.

applied sociology

the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations

clinical sociology

dedicated to facilitating change by altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions

applied sociologist vs clinical sociologist

AS leave it to others to act on their evaluations but CS take direct responsibility for implementation

Duncan watts defines common sense as

the loosely organized fact in the course of learning from everyday situations

scientific method

a series of steps scientists use to solve a problem, has 5 primary stages(define the problem, reviewing literature, form hypothesis, collect and analyze data and conclusion)

casual logic

a relationship exists between variables in which change in one brings about change in the other

operation definition

transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable; the goal is to indicate exactly what the researcher plans to observe

sample

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

random sample

a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected

validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

ethanography

study of an entire social denying through extended systematic observation

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

secondary analysis

a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

content analysis

the systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale

Major Research Designs

surveys(interviews and questionnaires) , observation, experiments, and existing sources

three step model of world contruction

constructing culture -determine by biological instincts

constructing society- sharing the culture we create with others

constructing the self- through socialization

society

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

innovation

the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention