Renal and Reproductive Physiology Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering renal anatomy, urine formation, reproductive physiology, and health based on the Chapter 1-7 lecture notes.

Distal convoluted tubules and ascending limb of the loop of Henle

The specific parts of the kidney where Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) affects calcium reabsorption.

Perirenal fat

The layer of fat that provides cushioning for the kidney and anchors it in place.

Pararenal fat

The type of fat located external to the renal fascia.

Renal capsule

The outermost portion of the kidney that protects it against infection.

Renal cortex

The granular layer of the kidney filled with many blood vessels.

Renal medulla

The layer of the kidney containing most of the pyramids filled with nephrons.

Kidney dimensions

Approximately $12$ tall (long), $6$ wide, and $3$ thick.

Retroperitoneal

The location of the kidneys, meaning they are behind the peritoneum and behind the stomach area, protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs.

Primary active transport

A process requiring one ATP to move $3$ sodium out and $2$ potassium in.

Symport (Cotransport)

A type of secondary active transport where a moiety, such as glucose or water, moves in the same direction as sodium.

Antiport

A type of secondary active transport where moieties, such as potassium or hydrogen, move in the opposite direction of sodium.

Aldosterone

A steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex that causes the retention of sodium and water and the secretion of potassium.

Urea

The nitrogenous waste product resulting from the metabolic breakdown of amino acids.

Uric acid

The nitrogenous waste product resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nucleotides.

Creatinine

A waste product from the metabolic breakdown of muscles via the creatine phosphate pathway.

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A hormone released from the heart when blood volume is increased to help decrease blood volume.

Ureter wall layers

Composed of epithelial mucosa, smooth muscle (muscularis), and fibrous connective tissue.

Transitional epithelium

The specific type of epithelium that makes up the urinary bladder because it can change shape.

Internal urethral sphincter

The involuntary sphincter that controls the release of urine.

Glomerular filterability factors

The two main factors determining filterability: molecular weight and charge.

Renin (Angiotensinogenase)

An enzyme produced by the kidney that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I; regulated by arterial tension, sympathetic nerves, and hormones like epinephrine.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

An enzyme from the lungs that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure.

Oliguria

Infrequent urine output caused by hypovolemia, hypotension, obstructive nephropathy, or renal disease.

Polyuria

Increased urine output caused by glycosuria, hyperglycemia, or hysterical intake of water.

Hydronephrosis

A condition where decreased fat causes the kidney to lower, kinking the ureter and causing urine to back up into the kidney.

Renal hypoplasia

An underdeveloped kidney.

Nephrotic syndrome

The presence of protein in the urine caused by abnormal nephron development.

Oligomeganephronia

A condition characterized by having a few nephrons that are very enlarged.

Cross fused ectopia

A condition where the kidneys are fused and located on one side of the midline.

Horseshoe kidney

Fusion of the kidneys at one pole, usually the lower pole, with most of each kidney on opposing sides of the midline.

Porphyria variegata

A genetic disease that causes the urine to turn purple.

Meiosis II

The phase in which spermatogenesis is completed in males.

Semen pH and volume

Average volume is $3$ to $5$ ml and average pH is $7.5$.

Prostate gland

Produces an alkaline fluid for semen to neutralize pH.

Seminal vesicle

Produces a sugary fluid for semen to provide energy for sperm.

Bulbourethral gland

Produces a lubricant component of semen.

Vas deferens

The structure that is severed during a vasectomy to prevent sperm from entering semen.

Tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis

The two tissue layers that form the capsule around the testis.

Corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum

The two types of erectile tissues found in the penis.

Spermatic cord

Contains the venous plexus, nerves, testicular artery, and vas deferens.

Progesterone

Hormone produced by the corpus luteum that makes the uterus double or triple in thickness.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Hormone released by trophoblast cells about eight days after fertilization that prevents the corpus luteum from regressing.

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Cells in males that produce testosterone.

Sertoli cells

Cells responsible for making sperm.

Epididymis

The location where sperm mature and are stored.

Polar body

A discarded or rejected set of chromosomes produced during egg development.

Dartos muscle

The smooth muscle attached to the scrotum or testis.

Cremaster muscle

The skeletal muscle that draws the testis closer to the body for temperature regulation.

Average sperm count

$120,000,000$ per milliliter of ejaculate.

Cervix

The opening to the uterus that dilates during childbirth.

Viral STIs

Includes HIV, HSV (Herpes Simplex), and HPV.

HAART

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; the most accepted treatment for HIV.

Intrauterine device (IUD)

A small plastic birth control piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation.