Microbio Chapter 1

Exam

How are prokaryotes able to live in such harsh environments?

They are very adaptable and resistant

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Gut nutrient metabolism

Amensalism

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Antimicrobial defense on skin

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Skin cells as food source

Neutralism

Neither species benefits or is harmed

Spores in soil

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Tuberculosis and leprosy

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission

What are the examples of gram-negative prokaryotes?

Proteobacteria
Spirochete
CFB group
Planctomycetes]
Phototrophic bacteria

What are the types of gram-positive prokaryotes?

Actinobacteria
Firmicutes

What is the atypical kind of bacteria?

Tenericutes

What are kinds of proteobacteria?

Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria

What are all Alphaproteobacteria?

Oligotrophs

Oligotrophs

bacteria capable of living in low nutrient environments

Prominent genera of alphaproteobacteria

Rickettsia spp.
Chlamydia spp.

What does Rickettsia cause?

causative agents for Rocky mountain spotted fever & typhus fevers​

What does Chlamydia cause?

causative agents ​for lymphogranuloma ​venereum (STD)​

What do Rickettsia and Chlamydia have in common?

they are both obligate intracellular and must have host to be metabolically active

What are all betaproteobacteria?

Eutrophs

Eutrophs

require a copious amount of organic nutrients

Prominent genera of betaproteobacteria

Bordetella spp.
Neisseria gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitides

What does Bordetella cause?

causative agents whooping cough (pertussis) & kennel cough;​produces toxins to paralyze lung cilia

What does Neisseria gonorrhea cause?

causative agent for gonorrhea STD​

What does Neisseria meningitides cause?

causative agent for bacterial meningitis​

Prominent genera of gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonas
Pasteurella
Haemophilus
Vibrio
Legionella
Enterobacter family

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

common infection of wounds, urinary tract, & respiratory tract

What does Pasteurella haemolytica cause?

causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals​

What does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

causative agent for upper & lower respiratory infections (does not cause influenza)​

What is special about the Vibrio spp.?

commonly found in alkaline environments such as ocean ports & lagoons

What does Vibrio cholerae cause?

causative agent of cholera and common to water contamination​

What does Legionella pneumophila cause?

causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and common to water contamination​

What are groups of the enterobacter family?

coliforms and noncoliforms

Coliforms

ferment lactose with acid and gas production

Noncoliforms

fermentation of lactose is incomplete or absent

What are some bacteria from the enterobacter family?

includes E. coli, & Salmonella spp.

What is special about deltaproteobatceria?

Sulfate reducing bacteria​

What are prominent genera of deltaproteobacteria?

Desulfovibrio orale
Parasitic Bdellovibrio spp.
Myxobacteria

What does Desulfovibrio orale cause?

periodontal disease

What is Myxobacteria?

soil dwelling "slime bacteria"

What are prominent genera of epsilonproteobacteria?

Campylobacter
Helicobacter

What does the Campylobacter spp. cause?

common to food poisoning

What does the Helicobacter spp. cause?

commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people

What are the gram-negative nonproteobacteria?

Spirochetes
The CFB group
Planctomycetes

What is special about spirochetes?

Gram (-) extremely thin and hard to stain & culture
have axial filament similar to flagella

What are some types of spirochetes?

Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi

What does Treponema pallidum cause?

causative agent for​syphilis

What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?

Lyme disease

Who makes up the CFB group?

Cytophaga spp.
Fusobacteria spp.
Bacteroides spp.

What does Cytophaga spp. have?

gliding system for motility (mechanisms mostly unknown)​

What does Fusobacteria spp. cause?

inhabit mouth and can cause various oral diseases

What is significant about Bacteroides spp.?

30% of gut microbiome; lower levels correlated with obesity

What is significant about planctomycetes?

Found in aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish​
Reproduce via budding instead of binary fission​
Sessile cells - immobile with holdfast appendage (a)​
Swarmer cells - motile, unable to reproduce (b)

What is significant about phototrophic bacteria

Utilize sunlight as main source of energy via photosynthesis​
Oxygenic - produce O2​
Anoxygenic - do not produce O2​

What is an example of an oxygenic photosynthesizer?

Cyanobacteria

What is significant about cyanobacteria?

highly adaptable and diverse; chlorophyll; uses as biosorbents and human nutrition

What is an example of a cyanobacteria?

Microsystis spp.

What do Microsystis spp. cause?

toxic algal blooms

What are the types of anoxygenic photosynthesizers?

Purple
Purple non-sulfur
Green
Green non-sulfur

What are types of gram-positive bacteria?

Actinobacteria
Firmicutes

How do you put a gram-positive bacteria into either Actinobacteria or Firmicutes?

Grouping by guanine + cytosine content​
Phylum Actinobacteria - high G+C content (\>50%)​
Phylum Firmicutes - low G+C content (

What are Actinobacteria?

High G+C gram positive bacteria
Extremely diverse​
Thin, filamentous to coccobacilli shaped​
Important to soil ecology​
Different peptidoglycans in cell wall​

What are the prominent genera for actinobacteria?

Mycobacterium ​
Corynebacterium ​
Bifidobacterium​
Gardnerella

What does Mycobacterium spp. cause?

causative agent for tuberculosis & leprosy
Acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cell wall

What does Corynebacterium spp. cause?

Most are non-pathogenic; ​C. diphtheria is causative agent for diphtheria
Diaminopimelic acids in cell wall

What is special about Bifidobacterium?

Filamentous & anaerobic​
Frequently used as probiotic
Extremely good for your gut

What does Gardnerella vaginalis cause?

Causative agent for bacterial vaginosis
Gram variable: inconsistent stain results

What is common among all firmicutes?

low G+C content​

What are the prominent genera of firmicutes?

Clostridium​
Streptococcus​
Lactobacillus​
Enterococcus​
Bacillus​
Staphylococcus

What is special about clostridium?

Endospore producers​
Soil dwelling​
Common food contaminant

What does C. perfringens cause?

agent for food poisoning and gangrene

What does C. tetani cause?

producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus​

What does C. botulinum cause?

producer of botulinum neurotoxin

What does C. difficile cause?

hospital infection, causes severe colitis​

What are some kinds of lactobacillales?

Streptococcus​
Lactobacillus​
Enterococcus

Lactobacillales contain?

bacilli and cocci

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

β-hemolytic cocci associated with pus production (pyogenic), strep throat

What does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

causes pneumonia, respiratory infections, and a wide range of other diseases

What is special about lactobacillus?

Facultative anaerobes​
non-spore formers​
significant component of gut ​microbiome​
starter cultures for ​yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, etc.

What is special about enterococcus?

Diplicocci arrangement​
Anaerobic respiration​
Commensal gut microbe​
Common UTI pathogen​
E. faecium

What is special about Bacillus?

bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative anaerobes​
Endospore producers​
Important to industrial microbiology

What does B. anthracis cause?

causative agent for anthrax

What does B. cereus cause?

common food poisoning agent​

What does B. thuringiensis cause?

producer of insecticide compounds​

What is special about staphylococcus?

cocci shaped facultative anaerobes​
Halophilic​
Nonmotile

What does S. aureus cause?

common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning​Some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA)​

What does S. epidermidis cause?

common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds​

What is special about mycoplasma?

no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet​ (tenericute)
pleomorphic​
Extremely small​
Cell wall antibiotics do not work​
Only classified by genome​

What does M. pneumoniae cause?

agent for walking pneumonia​

What are deeply branching bacteria?

Genera and species that are most common to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

What are the prominent classes of the deeply branching bacteria?

Aquificae
Thermotogae
Deinococci

What are Aquificae?

gram (-) hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents

What are Thermotogae?

gram (-), hyperthermophilic anaerobes; sheath-like outer membrane

What are Deinococci?

gram (+) polyextremophile (heat, vacuum, acidity tolerant)

What are archaea?

Membranes with branched isoprene chains & ether linkages to phosphate head​
Walls of surface layer proteins​(some pseudopeptidoglycan)​
Genomes are much larger ​
Capable of methanogenesis​
Usually not in human microbiota​
Not directly associated with infectious diseases​

What is the archaea membrane made of?

Esther linkages
branched tails

What are some phylum of archaea?

Crenarchaeota​
Euryarchaeota

What is special about crenarchaeota?

All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles

What is special about Sulfolobus spp.?

thermophiles & acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins

What is special about Thermoproteus spp.?

strict anaerobic thermophiles; arguably deepest branching Archaea

What is special about Euryarchaeota?

mostly methanogens & anaerobes

What are some methanogens?

Methanobacteria​
Methanococci​
Methanomicrobia