Studied by 6 people
How are prokaryotes able to live in such harsh environments?
They are very adaptable and resistant
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Gut nutrient metabolism
Amensalism
a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected
Antimicrobial defense on skin
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Skin cells as food source
Neutralism
Neither species benefits or is harmed
Spores in soil
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Tuberculosis and leprosy
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
binary fission
What are the examples of gram-negative prokaryotes?
Proteobacteria Spirochete CFB group Planctomycetes] Phototrophic bacteria
What are the types of gram-positive prokaryotes?
Actinobacteria Firmicutes
What is the atypical kind of bacteria?
Tenericutes
What are kinds of proteobacteria?
Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria
What are all Alphaproteobacteria?
Oligotrophs
Oligotrophs
bacteria capable of living in low nutrient environments
Prominent genera of alphaproteobacteria
Rickettsia spp. Chlamydia spp.
What does Rickettsia cause?
causative agents for Rocky mountain spotted fever & typhus fevers
What does Chlamydia cause?
causative agents for lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)
What do Rickettsia and Chlamydia have in common?
they are both obligate intracellular and must have host to be metabolically active
What are all betaproteobacteria?
Eutrophs
Eutrophs
require a copious amount of organic nutrients
Prominent genera of betaproteobacteria
Bordetella spp. Neisseria gonorrhea Neisseria meningitides
What does Bordetella cause?
causative agents whooping cough (pertussis) & kennel cough;produces toxins to paralyze lung cilia
What does Neisseria gonorrhea cause?
causative agent for gonorrhea STD
What does Neisseria meningitides cause?
causative agent for bacterial meningitis
Prominent genera of gammaproteobacteria
Pseudomonas Pasteurella Haemophilus Vibrio Legionella Enterobacter family
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
common infection of wounds, urinary tract, & respiratory tract
What does Pasteurella haemolytica cause?
causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals
What does Haemophilus influenzae cause?
causative agent for upper & lower respiratory infections (does not cause influenza)
What is special about the Vibrio spp.?
commonly found in alkaline environments such as ocean ports & lagoons
What does Vibrio cholerae cause?
causative agent of cholera and common to water contamination
What does Legionella pneumophila cause?
causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and common to water contamination
What are groups of the enterobacter family?
coliforms and noncoliforms
Coliforms
ferment lactose with acid and gas production
Noncoliforms
fermentation of lactose is incomplete or absent
What are some bacteria from the enterobacter family?
includes E. coli, & Salmonella spp.
What is special about deltaproteobatceria?
Sulfate reducing bacteria
What are prominent genera of deltaproteobacteria?
Desulfovibrio orale Parasitic Bdellovibrio spp. Myxobacteria
What does Desulfovibrio orale cause?
periodontal disease
What is Myxobacteria?
soil dwelling "slime bacteria"
What are prominent genera of epsilonproteobacteria?
Campylobacter Helicobacter
What does the Campylobacter spp. cause?
common to food poisoning
What does the Helicobacter spp. cause?
commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people
What are the gram-negative nonproteobacteria?
Spirochetes The CFB group Planctomycetes
What is special about spirochetes?
Gram (-) extremely thin and hard to stain & culture have axial filament similar to flagella
What are some types of spirochetes?
Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorferi
What does Treponema pallidum cause?
causative agent forsyphilis
What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
Lyme disease
Who makes up the CFB group?
Cytophaga spp. Fusobacteria spp. Bacteroides spp.
What does Cytophaga spp. have?
gliding system for motility (mechanisms mostly unknown)
What does Fusobacteria spp. cause?
inhabit mouth and can cause various oral diseases
What is significant about Bacteroides spp.?
30% of gut microbiome; lower levels correlated with obesity
What is significant about planctomycetes?
Found in aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish Reproduce via budding instead of binary fission Sessile cells - immobile with holdfast appendage (a) Swarmer cells - motile, unable to reproduce (b)
What is significant about phototrophic bacteria
Utilize sunlight as main source of energy via photosynthesis Oxygenic - produce O2 Anoxygenic - do not produce O2
What is an example of an oxygenic photosynthesizer?
Cyanobacteria
What is significant about cyanobacteria?
highly adaptable and diverse; chlorophyll; uses as biosorbents and human nutrition
What is an example of a cyanobacteria?
Microsystis spp.
What do Microsystis spp. cause?
toxic algal blooms
What are the types of anoxygenic photosynthesizers?
Purple Purple non-sulfur Green Green non-sulfur
What are types of gram-positive bacteria?
Actinobacteria Firmicutes
How do you put a gram-positive bacteria into either Actinobacteria or Firmicutes?
Grouping by guanine + cytosine content Phylum Actinobacteria - high G+C content (>50%) Phylum Firmicutes - low G+C content (<50%)
What are Actinobacteria?
High G+C gram positive bacteria Extremely diverse Thin, filamentous to coccobacilli shaped Important to soil ecology Different peptidoglycans in cell wall
What are the prominent genera for actinobacteria?
Mycobacterium Corynebacterium Bifidobacterium Gardnerella
What does Mycobacterium spp. cause?
causative agent for tuberculosis & leprosy Acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cell wall
What does Corynebacterium spp. cause?
Most are non-pathogenic; C. diphtheria is causative agent for diphtheria Diaminopimelic acids in cell wall
What is special about Bifidobacterium?
Filamentous & anaerobic Frequently used as probiotic Extremely good for your gut
What does Gardnerella vaginalis cause?
Causative agent for bacterial vaginosis Gram variable: inconsistent stain results
What is common among all firmicutes?
low G+C content
What are the prominent genera of firmicutes?
Clostridium Streptococcus Lactobacillus Enterococcus Bacillus Staphylococcus
What is special about clostridium?
Endospore producers Soil dwelling Common food contaminant
What does C. perfringens cause?
agent for food poisoning and gangrene
What does C. tetani cause?
producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus
What does C. botulinum cause?
producer of botulinum neurotoxin
What does C. difficile cause?
hospital infection, causes severe colitis
What are some kinds of lactobacillales?
Streptococcus Lactobacillus Enterococcus
Lactobacillales contain?
bacilli and cocci
What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?
β-hemolytic cocci associated with pus production (pyogenic), strep throat
What does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?
causes pneumonia, respiratory infections, and a wide range of other diseases
What is special about lactobacillus?
Facultative anaerobes non-spore formers significant component of gut microbiome starter cultures for yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, etc.
What is special about enterococcus?
Diplicocci arrangement Anaerobic respiration Commensal gut microbe Common UTI pathogen E. faecium
What is special about Bacillus?
bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative anaerobes Endospore producers Important to industrial microbiology
What does B. anthracis cause?
causative agent for anthrax
What does B. cereus cause?
common food poisoning agent
What does B. thuringiensis cause?
producer of insecticide compounds
What is special about staphylococcus?
cocci shaped facultative anaerobes Halophilic Nonmotile
What does S. aureus cause?
common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoningSome are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA)
What does S. epidermidis cause?
common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds
What is special about mycoplasma?
no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet (tenericute) pleomorphic Extremely small Cell wall antibiotics do not work Only classified by genome
What does M. pneumoniae cause?
agent for walking pneumonia
What are deeply branching bacteria?
Genera and species that are most common to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
What are the prominent classes of the deeply branching bacteria?
Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococci
What are Aquificae?
gram (-) hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents
What are Thermotogae?
gram (-), hyperthermophilic anaerobes; sheath-like outer membrane
What are Deinococci?
gram (+) polyextremophile (heat, vacuum, acidity tolerant)
What are archaea?
Membranes with branched isoprene chains & ether linkages to phosphate head Walls of surface layer proteins(some pseudopeptidoglycan) Genomes are much larger Capable of methanogenesis Usually not in human microbiota Not directly associated with infectious diseases
What is the archaea membrane made of?
Esther linkages branched tails
What are some phylum of archaea?
Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota
What is special about crenarchaeota?
All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles
What is special about Sulfolobus spp.?
thermophiles & acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins
What is special about Thermoproteus spp.?
strict anaerobic thermophiles; arguably deepest branching Archaea
What is special about Euryarchaeota?
mostly methanogens & anaerobes
What are some methanogens?
Methanobacteria Methanococci Methanomicrobia
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