What are prominent genera of epsilonproteobacteria?
Campylobacter Helicobacter
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What does the Campylobacter spp. cause?
common to food poisoning
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What does the Helicobacter spp. cause?
commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people
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What are the gram-negative nonproteobacteria?
Spirochetes The CFB group Planctomycetes
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What is special about spirochetes?
Gram (-) extremely thin and hard to stain & culture have axial filament similar to flagella
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What are some types of spirochetes?
Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorferi
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What does Treponema pallidum cause?
causative agent forsyphilis
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What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
Lyme disease
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Who makes up the CFB group?
Cytophaga spp. Fusobacteria spp. Bacteroides spp.
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What does Cytophaga spp. have?
gliding system for motility (mechanisms mostly unknown)
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What does Fusobacteria spp. cause?
inhabit mouth and can cause various oral diseases
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What is significant about Bacteroides spp.?
30% of gut microbiome; lower levels correlated with obesity
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What is significant about planctomycetes?
Found in aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish Reproduce via budding instead of binary fission Sessile cells - immobile with holdfast appendage (a) Swarmer cells - motile, unable to reproduce (b)
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What is significant about phototrophic bacteria
Utilize sunlight as main source of energy via photosynthesis Oxygenic - produce O2 Anoxygenic - do not produce O2
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What is an example of an oxygenic photosynthesizer?
Cyanobacteria
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What is significant about cyanobacteria?
highly adaptable and diverse; chlorophyll; uses as biosorbents and human nutrition
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What is an example of a cyanobacteria?
Microsystis spp.
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What do Microsystis spp. cause?
toxic algal blooms
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What are the types of anoxygenic photosynthesizers?
Purple Purple non-sulfur Green Green non-sulfur
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What are types of gram-positive bacteria?
Actinobacteria Firmicutes
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How do you put a gram-positive bacteria into either Actinobacteria or Firmicutes?
Grouping by guanine + cytosine content Phylum Actinobacteria - high G+C content (\>50%) Phylum Firmicutes - low G+C content (
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What are Actinobacteria?
High G+C gram positive bacteria Extremely diverse Thin, filamentous to coccobacilli shaped Important to soil ecology Different peptidoglycans in cell wall
common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoningSome are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA)
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What does S. epidermidis cause?
common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds
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What is special about mycoplasma?
no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet (tenericute) pleomorphic Extremely small Cell wall antibiotics do not work Only classified by genome
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What does M. pneumoniae cause?
agent for walking pneumonia
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What are deeply branching bacteria?
Genera and species that are most common to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
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What are the prominent classes of the deeply branching bacteria?
Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococci
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What are Aquificae?
gram (-) hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents
Membranes with branched isoprene chains & ether linkages to phosphate head Walls of surface layer proteins(some pseudopeptidoglycan) Genomes are much larger Capable of methanogenesis Usually not in human microbiota Not directly associated with infectious diseases
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What is the archaea membrane made of?
Esther linkages branched tails
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What are some phylum of archaea?
Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota
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What is special about crenarchaeota?
All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles
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What is special about Sulfolobus spp.?
thermophiles & acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins
Studied by 6 people
