Chapter 2: Organisation of the organism

cell membrane

partially permeable to allow certain substances to enter and leave the cell

cytoplasm

where chemical reactions take place

nucleus

contains DNA and controls the cell

mitochondria

where aerobic respiration happens

ribosome

allows protein synthesis

vacoule

cell sap to keep cell turgid

cell wall

rigid to keep shape of cell, strengthens the cell

chloroplast

contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

structure of a bacterial cell

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA, plasmids

function of ciliated cells

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

adaptations of ciliated cells

• tiny hairs called cillia

function of root hair cells

absorption

adaptations of root hair cells

• elongated shape for more surface area

function of palisade mesophyll cells

photosynthesis

adaptations of palisade mesophyll cells

• regular shape so it can fit in small spaces

• many chloroplasts

function of neurons

conduction of electrical impulses

adaptations of neurons

• long, connections on both ends

function of red blood cells

transport of oxygen

adaptations of red blood cells

• no nucleus, allows for more O2 transport

• large surface area

function of sperm and egg cells (gametes)

reproduction

adaptations of sperm

• flagellum to move

adaptations of egg cells

• large, bulky

• contains egg yolk

formula for magnification

size of drawing / size of specimen

image / actual

cm to mm to micrometer

1 cm = 10 mm

1 mm = 1000 micrometers