1 Biological Classification and Diversity

Carbohydrates

Composed of Carbon atoms (C) , Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

Monosaccharides

cannot be broken down into smaller sugars

Polysaccharides

composed many monosaccharides attached by glycosidic bonds

Lipids

group of diverse hydrophobic macromolecules; 3 different types of lipids

Fats and Oils

Important energy source and source of essential fatty acids

Phospholipids

Biological membranes composed of 2 layers of phospholipids

Steroids

Cell communication

Proteins

have a range of function and chemical properties which include structure, enzymes, storage, contractile, and transport

DNA

Carries the genetic information of the cell. Specific portions of DNA (genes) are used as instructions to synthesize proteins

RNA

Most types are involved in protein synthesis

Central Dogma

The process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins, explaining the transfer of sequence information.

Cell/Plasma Membrane

Separate the interior of the cell (cytoplasm) from the external environment

Taxonomy

branch of Biology that names and classifies organisms based on their similarities and differences

Taxon (taxa)

Groups of organisms in a classification system, such as species, genus, family, and higher ranks that share common characteristics

Species

group of living organisms that under normal conditions will breed and have healthy fertile offspring with other individuals within that group. Two organisms of the same species are the most similar to each other

binomial nomenclature

scientific name for an organism consists of 2 words

Genus + Species (Italic)

3 domains

1. Domain Bacteria
2. Domain Archaea
3. Domain Eukarya

Criteria for 3 domains

- Presence or absence of Nucleus and membrane bound Organelles
- Number of Cells
- Metabolism

Systematics

field of Biology that uses comparative anatomy, development and molecular data to determine the evolutionary relationships between species

Phylogenetic Tree

a diagram that depicts the relationship between different species or groups of organisms

The tip

represents a species or a group of species

Node

represents a common ancestor

Branching event

represents a point where new a species formed, possibly acquiring new traits, differentiating them from the common ancestor

basal taxon

A lineage that evolved early from the root and that remains unbranched

sister taxa

Two groups/species are considered this if they share one node

clade (monophyletic group)

group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

In the image, group A and B are a clade while group C is not