What three approaches shape an organism's response to environmental stimuli?
Biological, psychological, and social approaches.
What acts in a consistent and predictable manner?
Hormones and neurotransmitters.
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Flashcards about conceptual approaches to behavior, genetics and development and human physiological development.
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What three approaches shape an organism's response to environmental stimuli?
Biological, psychological, and social approaches.
What acts in a consistent and predictable manner?
Hormones and neurotransmitters.
What does the psychological approach to behavior involve?
The human mind as a whole.
List higher-level abstractions used in the psychological approach.
Emotions, attitudes, cognition, memory, and personality.
What research designs are common in sociological questions?
Retrospective, cross-sectional, and qualitative research designs.
What type of factors shape outcomes, evident in the lives of people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds?
Environmental factors.
Experiences of stress and exposure to certain compounds can impact what?
Development.
Children’s attitudes and perceptions can be influenced by those of whom?
Their parents.
What is 'heritability'?
Characterizing the genetic component of a trait (how much a trait is determined by genes alone).
What range does the heritability of psychological traits fall between?
0.3 to 0.6, implying both genetic and environmental factors play a role.
What type of features can genetics explain?
Inherited physical and behavioral features.
What are adaptive traits?
Behaviors promoting reproductive success and are selected for in evolution.
What is temperament?
How individuals respond behaviorally and emotionally to stimuli. It is biologically shaped and can form the foundations of personality.
Human behaviors are largely shaped by what?
Experiences.
What differs among individuals and can be adjusted depending on needs or stimuli?
Gene expression.
Changes to the genome that influence gene expression but don’t alter nucleotide content is called what?
Epigenetics.
Name some developmental milestones in early childhood.
Standing with assistance, crawling, walking, and more complex motor tasks like stacking blocks.
During the first few years of life the interactions of children are focused on who?
Primary caregiver.
What is a critical period?
The idea that experiences, either positive or negative, in early childhood can imprint themselves on a person, with implications that extend throughout the lifetime.
What are some important reflexes during infancy that disappear during further development?
Palmar grasp, rooting, sucking, Moro, and Babinski reflexes.
What marks the biological changes that occur during adolescence?
Puberty.
What hormones orchestrate the changes that occur during adolescence?
Testosterone and estradiol.
What continues developing until around age 25, impacting rational decision-making?
The prefrontal cortex.
What is telomere degradation?
The loss of telomeres that protect chromosomes during DNA replication, thought to contribute to aging.