Issues on Human Development Lecture Notes

Practice flashcards covering key concepts of human development, including the major issues of Nature vs. Nurture, Continuity vs. Discontinuity, and Stability vs. Change, along with related theories and Sustainable Development Goals.

What is the definition of human development?

Human development is the process of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan.

In the context of human development, what does 'nature' refer to?

An individual's biological inheritance, including genes and hereditary factors that influence physical appearance, personality characteristics, and possible behaviors present from conception.

What does 'nurture' represent in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Environmental experiences and the influence of external factors after conception, such as exposure, life experiences, and learning that shape an individual's behavior.

How is the 'continuity' view of development defined?

A view that development involves gradual, cumulative, and quantitative change, such as growth in vocabulary or physical height.

Which theory and theorist support the continuity view of human development?

The Behaviorist theory by B.F. Skinner, which suggests development occurs through learning and reinforcement as children gradually acquire behaviors through practice and rewards.

What is the 'discontinuity' view of development?

A view of development as distinct, abrupt, and qualitative changes through a succession of age-specific life periods called stages.

What are the four stages of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory and their corresponding ages?

The sensorimotor (0-2 years old), preoperational stage (2-6), concrete operational stage (7-11), and formal operational stage (12 years and above).

What are the five stages of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual analysis mentioned in the notes?

Oral ($0$ to $1$ years old), Anal ($2$ to $3$ years/o), Phalic ($3$ to $6$ years/o), Latency ($7$ to puberty), and Genital (puberty to adulthood).

What does the concept of 'stability' imply regarding personality traits?

Stability implies that personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the entire lifespan, such as a shy child remaining shy as an adult.

What is 'plasticity' in the context of human development change?

The capacity for change where a person's abilities, behavior, and even the brain can be shaped, modified, and improved by experiences, learning, and the environment.

How does understanding human development relate to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4)?

It promotes Quality Education by encouraging lifelong learning and inclusive education that nurtures every person's potential.

Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) emphasizes physical, mental, and emotional health relating to human development?

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being.

What is the relation between human development issues and SDG 10?

It advocates for Reduced Inequalities by promoting equal opportunities and respect for individual differences so everyone can reach their fullest potential.