Biolog 1 Review

chromosome

..., a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

mitosis

..., part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

centriole

..., one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

fertilization

..., creation by the physical union of male and female gametes

principle of dominance

..., states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

phenotype

..., what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype

diploid

..., (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

transfer RNA

..., short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according

polymerase

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA

DNA

..., (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix

Genus

..., a general kind of something

Radial

..., issuing in rays from a common centerXs

Symmetry

..., (physics) the property of being isotropic

swim bladder

..., an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

chromatin

..., the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins

cytokinesis

..., organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

metaphase

..., the second stage of mitosis

trait

..., a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

segregation

..., (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes

genotype

..., the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

haploid DNA

..., chromosome with double strand dna

transcription

..., (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

species

..., (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

asymmetry

..., animal that has an irregular shape

cell cycle

..., series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

prophase

..., the first stage of mitosis

anaphase

..., the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

hybrid

..., an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock

gamete

..., a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

punett square

..., A tool that shows how genes can combine and is used to predict results in genetics.

zygote

a fertilized egg

RNA

..., ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

translation

..., (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

family

..., (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera

endotherm

..., Animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within

interphase

..., period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

centromere

..., a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

telophase

..., the final stage of mitosis

gene

..., sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

homozygous

..., having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

independent assortment

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

transformation

..., the act of changing in form or shape or appearance

messenger RNA

..., the template for protein synthesis

karyotype

..., photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

order

..., place in a certain order

ectotherm

..., an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings

meosis

..., the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells

chromatid

..., one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

genetics

..., the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

allele

..., one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

heterozygous

..., having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

homologous

..., having the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions

replication

..., the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion

ribosomal RNA

..., type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

binominal nomenclature

..., two-word naming system that gives all organisms their scientific name

class

..., education imparted in a series of lessons or class meetings

lateral line

..., sense organs of fish and amphibians

phylum

..., (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants

kingdom

..., a basic group of natural objects

spore

..., a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism

virus

..., a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer

coccus

..., any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria

vaccine

..., substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity

flagellum

..., a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)

eukaryotes

..., cells that contain nuclei

bacillus

..., rod shaped bacteria

pathogen

..., any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

fruiting body

..., an organ specialized for producing spores

gametophyte

..., haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

pterophytes

..., Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

dicot

..., flowering plant with two cotyledons

flatworms

A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm

invertebrate

lacking a backbone or spinal column

notocord

firm rod like structure that runs longitudinal and dorsal to the digestive tract and it provides support

mycelium

the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae

bryophyte

any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta

seed

bear seeds

sponges

Porifera

annelids

(segmented worms) tube shaped bodies divided into sections; has a coelom, a body cavity with organs inside;simplest animals with a circulatory system; have specialized organs for digestion; earthworms the farmers friend help aerate soil and breakdown organic matter

ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

dorsal tubular nerve cord

is tube shaped and located above the digestive tract and develops into spinal column.

pseudopod

temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion

aliteration of generations

periods of about thirty years; from birth of parent to the birth of their child

capsid

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

protist

free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes

conjugation

the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes

bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

spirillum

any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form

antibiotic

a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections

lichen

any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes

vascular tissue

tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants

gymnosperms

seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones

cnidarians

invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity

heterotroph

an organism that cannot make its own food.

binary fission

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

chitin

complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

mycorrhiza

symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

xylem

the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels

angiosperm

plants having seeds in a closed ovary

arthropods

invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages