Biolog 1 Review

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Biology

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115 Terms

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chromosome
..., a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
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mitosis
..., part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
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centriole
..., one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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fertilization
..., creation by the physical union of male and female gametes
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principle of dominance
..., states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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phenotype
..., what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
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diploid
..., (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
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transfer RNA
..., short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according
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polymerase
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
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DNA
..., (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
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Genus
..., a general kind of something
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Radial
..., issuing in rays from a common centerXs
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Symmetry
..., (physics) the property of being isotropic
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swim bladder
..., an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy
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chromatin
..., the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
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cytokinesis
..., organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
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metaphase
..., the second stage of mitosis
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trait
..., a distinguishing feature of your personal nature
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segregation
..., (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
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genotype
..., the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
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haploid DNA
..., chromosome with double strand dna
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transcription
..., (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
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species
..., (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
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asymmetry
..., animal that has an irregular shape
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cell cycle
..., series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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prophase
..., the first stage of mitosis
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anaphase
..., the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
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hybrid
..., an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock
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gamete
..., a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
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punett square
..., A tool that shows how genes can combine and is used to predict results in genetics.
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zygote
a fertilized egg
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RNA
..., ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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translation
..., (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
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family
..., (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
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endotherm
..., Animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within
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interphase
..., period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
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centromere
..., a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
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telophase
..., the final stage of mitosis
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gene
..., sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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homozygous
..., having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
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independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
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transformation
..., the act of changing in form or shape or appearance
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messenger RNA
..., the template for protein synthesis
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karyotype
..., photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
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order
..., place in a certain order
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ectotherm
..., an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings
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meosis
..., the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells
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chromatid
..., one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
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genetics
..., the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
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allele
..., one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
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heterozygous
..., having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
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homologous
..., having the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions
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replication
..., the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion
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ribosomal RNA
..., type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
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binominal nomenclature
..., two-word naming system that gives all organisms their scientific name
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class
..., education imparted in a series of lessons or class meetings
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lateral line
..., sense organs of fish and amphibians
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phylum
..., (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants
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kingdom
..., a basic group of natural objects
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spore
..., a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism
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virus
..., a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer
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coccus
..., any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria
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vaccine
..., substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
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flagellum
..., a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
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eukaryotes
..., cells that contain nuclei
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bacillus
..., rod shaped bacteria
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pathogen
..., any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)
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fruiting body
..., an organ specialized for producing spores
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gametophyte
..., haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism
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pterophytes
..., Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns
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dicot
..., flowering plant with two cotyledons
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flatworms
A group of often parasitical worms that have bilateral symmetry, a one opening digestive system, and the beginnings of a brain; tapeworm
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invertebrate
lacking a backbone or spinal column
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notocord
firm rod like structure that runs longitudinal and dorsal to the digestive tract and it provides support
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mycelium
the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae
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bryophyte
any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta
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seed
bear seeds
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sponges
Porifera
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annelids
(segmented worms) tube shaped bodies divided into sections; has a coelom, a body cavity with organs inside;simplest animals with a circulatory system; have specialized organs for digestion; earthworms the farmers friend help aerate soil and breakdown organic matter
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ectoderm
the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
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dorsal tubular nerve cord
is tube shaped and located above the digestive tract and develops into spinal column.
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pseudopod
temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion
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aliteration of generations
periods of about thirty years; from birth of parent to the birth of their child
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capsid
the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
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protist
free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes
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conjugation
the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes
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bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
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spirillum
any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form
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antibiotic
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
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lichen
any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes
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vascular tissue
tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
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gymnosperms
seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones
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cnidarians
invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity
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heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food.
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binary fission
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
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chitin
complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
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mycorrhiza
symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi
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xylem
the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels
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angiosperm
plants having seeds in a closed ovary
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arthropods
invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages