bio final

What part of the scientific method is represented by the bold statement in the paragraph

hypothesis

I read about this study in a newsletter article. that means I read in a

secondary source

cell theory states that all living organisms are made of one or more cells. since this is a theory we know

that it is based on many supported hypothesis

To avoid bias as much as possible, researchers often use a double blind study. this means

neither the researcher nor the subjects know who is in the group

what should scientists remember when they are using correlational studies rather than experiments

all of these are true correlations

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom will tell you

all of these

a carbon atom with 6 protons in the nucleus would have this many electron in the second electron shell

4 electrons

the four most common elements in living organisms are oxygen carbon hydrogen and

nitrogen

the most stable arrangement of electrons around the nucleus is

a full outer electron shell

a chemical bond that involves 2 atoms sharing electrons evenly is

a covalent bond

the chemical bond that forms between 2 polar molecules is

a hydrogen bond

the chemical bond between 2 atoms that have lost or gained an electron is

ionic bond

Biological Macromolecules are often made of several smal molecules ( ) hooked together to form larger molecules ( )

monomers, polymers

these small molecules are hooked together by this process

dehydration sythesis

· The secondary structure of a protein describes

the shape of the protien

which of the following could be involved in denaturing a protein

freezing

buffers prevent damage to proteins by

keeping the pH from changing

enzymes are this type of organic molecule

protein

DNA and RNA are this type of organic molecule

nucleic acids

the structural materials for plants is a type of

carbohydrate

nucleotides and amino acids are both examples of

monomers

fats which are solid at room temperature are

saturated, and found mainly in animals

one difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus and eukaryotes do have a nucleus

cell membranes including the plasma membrane are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic due to the nature of

phospholipid molecules

movement of water through the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane is

osmosis

bulk movement of materials into a cell, cell eating, is

endocytosis

active transport moves materials

from areas of low concentration into areas of high concentration

this form of diffusion requires a membrane protein but since it is diffusion doesn't require the cell to expand any energy

facilitated diffusion

this molecule represents energy available for the cell to use

ATP

the process that produces ATP from ADP is

phosphorylation

which of the following is not true of enzymes

enzymes raise the Ea of chemical reactions

Enzymes may be damaged by heating, cooling, changing of pH, or altering the salt concentration . This is because these conditions can

affect the active site

energy can exist in 2 states

kinetic and potential

the second law of therodynamics states

energy can be transformed from one state to another but some of the energy bill be lost to randomness

cellular respiration begins with a high energy molecule releases the energy from that molecule and ends with low energy products cellular respiration is this type of reaction

exergonic reaction

step of cellular respiration uses oxygen and eventually produces most of the ATP's made during this process

oxidative phosphorylation

This step of cellular respiration completes the breakdown of glucose molecule. Giving off carbon dioxide as a waste product

citric acid cycle

when you inhale to get oxygen, you use it to

at the electron transport chains to harvest energy from the energy carriers

this type of organism never uses oxygen during cellular respiration

strict anaerobes

some organisms we'll use oxygen in cellular respiration if it is available but will be able to survive without oxygen as well these organisms are able to do this using

fermentation

surrounds and encloses the entire cell

plasma membrane

moves a bacterium through the environ ment

flagella

sorts and finishes cellular products

golgi apparatus

where proteins are made

robosomes

the organelle associated with cellular respiration

mitochondria

where photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

many lipids are made here

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

has ribomomes attatched

rough endoplasmic reticulum RER

water reservoir

central vacuole

Where DNA of prokaryotes is found:

nucleoid region

4 biological characteristicas of water

resistant to temperature change adhesion and cohesion ice floats

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

definition and formula for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen = carbon + water + ATP

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

new cells begin their life in this phase

G1 phase

this process divides prokaryotes cells into 2 new identical cells

binary fission

this process divides eukaryotic cells into 2 identical cells

cytokinesis

during this phase of mitosis the nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle forms

prophase

cells can only pass through the G1 check point if

they have enough energy and materials to replicate all the chromosomes

Mitosis allows multicellular organisms to grow and develop, replace worn and damaged cells and is the mechanism for

asexual reproduction

eukaryotic chromosomes exist as a pair of similar but not identical chromosomes called

homologous pairs of chromosomes

If only one member of these pairs of chromosomes are present, then we have

haploid cell

tetrads form

when homologous chromosomes come together

the cells produced by meiosis are

all are true

ocasionally a gamete is produced that has n+1 or n-1 chromosomes. this is caused by

nondisjunction

trisomy is more damging when it involves

the autosomes

During prophase, 1 homologous pairs of chromosomes may exist parts. This process is.

crossing over

I'm near OHH sentences and chromatic villas testing or procedures that allow doctors to.

detect chromosomal abnormalities

Karyotype definition

shows all the chromosomes in a single cell

Cancer may be caused by mutations in two types of genes. One type is the gene that normally tells the cell to pause as they move through the cell cycle checkpoints. These normal. Beans are.

tumor suppresor genes

Tumor suppressor genes may prevent cancer by

may do all of these

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

tumors which do not interfere with the function of organs and do not spread

benign

tumors that break apart and spread

all are true

the mutated tomor suppressor gene is associated with skin cancer

TP 53

if i describe my cat as a male tabby, I am describing his

phenotype

which of these correctly illustrates the concept of heterozyegous

Aa

a new color seen in offspring resulting from the blending of the colors of the parents is likely caused by

incomplete dominance

Alleles for different genes segregate independently of eachother when gametes are formed. this is mendels

principle of independent assortment

which of the following is an example of x linked inheratance

color blindness

some humans traits show up more often in males than females because of

the x chromosome

when one mutated gene causes several different phenotypic traits we are seeing

pleiotrophy

siamese cats have brown tips on their ears tails feet and faces because of those parts are cooler than the cat's torsos this type of correlation is caused by by

environmental effects

An individual's genotype is GgHh What type of gametes can we predict he or she will produce?

GH gH gh Gh

human blood type is co dominant. if a man has type a blood and a woman has type b blood could they have a type o kid

yes, if both the man and woman were heterozygous

when one gene influences the expression of another gene, we are seeing

epistasis

Faultless school simulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are necessary to begin both spermatogenesis and biogenesis these two hormones are made in the

pituitary

sperm complete their maturation in this male structure

epididymis

When mature, sperm cells lose most of their cytoplasm and organelles. This exception is this order now which the sperm can retain.

mitochondria

Mature sperm cells also develop a cap on the front of their head. This cap.

contains enzymes that allow the sperm penetrate the egg cell

Human females are born with all of their oscillates already in the ovaries. The outsides are in the stage of development.

prophase 1

Rising levels of these hormones can cause an opposite to progress through meiosis and become an egg cell

FSH and LH

Following ovulation, the corpus luteum produces. Large quantities of this hormone which repairs the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the lining

progesterone

If a pregnancy occurs, progesterone and estrogen levels remain high. This ensures that.

all of these are true

If no pregnancy occurs, the corpus the tomb deteriorates and progesterone levels drop. This causes.

the period begins

the egg and sperm can meet and fertilization occurs occurs in this area of the female

fallopian tube

embryo then normally becomes imbedded in this part of the females system

uterus

pregnancy tests detect the level of this hormone which is only produced by embryos

HCG

ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo

attaches in the wrong area

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell