Stage 2 Navigation and human factors

What is pilotage

Understanding where you are at using visual points or charts

what is dead reckoning

is navigation solely by means of calculations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.

what is pressure altitude

the height above the standard atmosphere level of 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg).

what is true altitude

The height above mean sea level.

what is indicated altitude

the reading on the altimeter when the altimeter setting is set to the local barometric pressure.

what is density altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for variations from standard temperature.

what is absolute altitude

The vertical distance of the aircraft above ground level.

when does density altitude equal pressure altitude

when atmospheric conditions are standard.

which altitude directly relates to aircraft performance

density altitude

when is pressure altitude equal to indicated altitude

when the altimeter setting is set to 29.92 Hg.

which altitude is used mainly for calculations and fight level computations

pressure altitude

which altitude is crucial during approach and landing

absolute altitude

if the air has more pressure what does that do to density

density will increase

if temperature is higher what will happen to density and why?

density will decrease because particles to move faster and spread out

why does air density decrease with increasing pressure altitude

there's less air above to compress the air at higher altitudes.

what is the difference between density and density altitude

Density refers to the mass of air per unit volume, while density altitude is a measure of air density expressed as an altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere

If flying in low air density weather what will that do to the aircrafts performance

makes the aircraft perform as if it were flying at a higher pressure altitude

what does VOR stand for

very high frequency (VHF) Omni-directional Range.

what is the frequency range of the VOR

between 108.0 MHz and 117.95 MHz

where is the VOR antenna located in the DA-40

in the tail

What does DME stand for

Distance Measuring Equipment

how does a DME work and what is the purpose

measure distance by timing the interval between the "interrogation pulse" from the transmitter and the "reply pulse" from the receiver. (works like Sonar)

what are the 2 VHF Signals that a VOR sends out

reference and variable phase

what is a reference phase

A constant signal sent in all directions from the VOR station.

what is a variable phase

A rotating signal that varies based on direction from the station.

How does a VOR work

VOR sends out a reference signal (360 degrees).

It also sends a rotating signal (like a spinning light).

Your aircraft compares the two signals to figure out your bearing (radial) from the station.

what are the diversion procedures

(ABCDEFG)

Airport

Best heading

Course

Distance

Estimate time enroute

Fuel req.

Groundspeed

what is an instrument that helps pilots determine whether they’re on course. shows you if you’re to the left or right of that line

CDI

what is an advanced navigation unit that shows your current heading and how much you need to turn to get on the course.

HSI

What are some VOR limitations

Line-of-sight: signal blocked by terrain or obstacles

Cone of confusion: signal becomes unreliable directly over the station

Reverse sensing: when the VOR needle gives opposite indications. (DA40 does not get this)

What does GPS stand for

Global Positioning System

How many GPS satellites does the USA have

31 satellites

What does GNSS stand for

Global Navigation Satellite System

what satellite systems are included in GNSS

includes GPS and other global or regional systems

what is trilateration

A method used by GNSS to determine your position by measures distance from at least 3 satellites to find a 2D location.(4 for 3D)

what is RAIM and what does it do. how many satellites does it need?

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring.

It checks GPS signal accuracy and integrity and alerts the pilot if GPS data is unreliable.

Needs signals from at least 5 satellites

what is WAAS and what does it do

Wide Area Augmentation System

Uses ground stations and geostationary satellites to correct GPS errors.

What is the difference between RAIM and WAAS?

RAIM only checks GPS signal integrity.

WAAS both checks and corrects GPS signals

What is FDE and what does it do. how many satellites does it require to work?

Fault Detection and Exclusion

Not only detects a faulty satellite signal, but also excludes it from navigation solutions

Requires signals from at least 6 satellites

what are the different types of Notams

FDC (airspace)

D (ground)

TFR (Temporary Flight Restriction)

what are the lost procedures ( 5 C’s)

Climb

Communicate

Confess

Comply

Conserve

what is hypoxic hypoxia caused by

high altitude

what is hypemic hypoxia caused by

carbon monoxide

what is stagnant hypoxia caused by

G force

what is histotoxic hypoxia caused by

alcohol

what part of your eyes are used during the day

cones

what part of the eyes are used during the night

rods

what is hypoxia caused by

reduced oxygen in body tissue

Why is it dangerous to fly too soon after scuba diving?

can cause decompression sickness (bends). This happens because nitrogen absorbed into the body tissues under high pressure during a dive can form bubbles in the bloodstream

What are the FAA's recommended wait times between scuba diving in controlled conditions and flying?

24 hour wait for all altitudes

What are the FAA's recommended wait times between scuba diving in uncontrolled and flying?

12 hours below 8000ft

24 hours above 8000ft

What is spatial disorientation?

When a pilot's sense of direction conflicts with reality due to lack of visual reference

What are the three types of spatial disorientation illusions?

Vestibular (inner ear)

Visual (eyes)

Postural (muscle/joint)

What is the leans?

Illusion that you need to lean in opposite direction

What is the Coriolis illusion?

the illusion that you feel your in a constant turn

What is the graveyard spiral?

the illusion that once aircraft is level they need to spin again

What is the somatogravic illusion?

the illusion that you feel as you are rapidly accelerating

What is an inversion illusion?

the illusion that a sudden climb to level flight creates the sensation of tumbling backward

What is an elevator illusion?

the illusion that you are climbing

What is false horizon illusion?

the illusion that the horizon is slanted

What is autokinesis?

the illusion that a stationary light appears to move when stared at in the dark

What is PAVE?

pilot - fit to fly

aircraft- airworthy

environment- weather

External pressure- expectations or time risk

What is the difference between a hazard and a risk in aviation?

Hazard- A real or potential condition that can lead to injury, illness, or damage

Risk- The chance or probability that a hazard will cause a loss or negative outcome

what is IMSAFE

Illness

Medication

Stress

Alcohol

Fatigue

Emotion

what are some things you should consider before flight (5 P’s)

Plan

Plane

Pilot

Passengers

Programming

what is the decide model

Detect a change

Estimate the need to counter it

Choose a desirable outcome

Identify actions

Do the actions

Evaluate the results

what are the types of VOR’s

VORCAN

VOR

VOR/DME

What do you do if the engine fails in flight?(ABCDE)

Airspeed – Best glide

Best landing spot – Pick a field, road, etc.

Checklist – Fuel selector, mixture

Declare – 121.5, squawk 7700

Evacuate/Execute – prepare for landing

If wing catches on fire what do you do?

throttle idle

bank to 30-45 degrees opposite direction of fire

pitch down to between 119 to 129 knots

What should you do if you fly into IMC accidentally?

AVIATE

NAVIGATE

COMMUNICATE

symptoms of hypoxia

increased breathing rate

headache

lightheadedness

dizziness

tingling or warm sensations

sweating

poor coordination

impaired judgment

tunnel vision

euphoria.

What is always needed when a mode c transponder is needed

ADS-B out

Whats information is included with the HSI

Heading, CDI, and OBS

When is LAHSO used at airport

Used for intersecting runways.(students cannot use this)

What does hypoxia do

Reduces the oxygen in the body. Effects the brain

why does hypoxic hypoxia occur

there isn't enough oxygen in the air (high altitudes)

How does hypemic hypoxia occur

when the blood's capacity to carry oxygen is reduced (carbon monoxide)

why does stagnant hypoxia occur

there's a reduction in blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the body's tissues (g force)

Why does histotoxic hypoxia occur

cells are unable to utilize oxygen (alcohol)

What is hyperventilation and how can you help it

when you breathe in a way that is faster and deeper than your body needs, causing a drop in carbon dioxide levels in your blood.

Can help by breathing into bag or talking.

What are some symptoms of hyperventilation

Lightheadiness

Dizziness

Shortness of breath

What is the somatosensory system and how can it affect pilots during flight?

senses position, pressure, and motion through nerves in muscles and joints.
In flight can cause spatial disorientation.

Why shouldnt you fly while congested

can cause ear pain, sinus pain, vertigo, and eardrum rupture

What are some vestibular illusions

Leans

Coriolis illusion

Graveyard spiral

Inversion

Elevator

What are some somatosensor illusions

somatogravic illusion

What are some visual illusions

Autokinesis

False horizon

Runway width illusion(narrow feels like flying high, wide feels like flying low)