1.6 muscle & tendon

aponeurosis of muscle

connects muscle to bone or tendon

epimysium

binds the muscle belly together

sarcolemma

specialised cell membrane on muscle cells

fascicles

bundles of muscle fibres/cells, forming the muscle belly

perimysium

binds each fascicle into bundles

1?

tendon

2?

aponeurosis

3?

epimysium

4?

perimysium

5?

structure = fascicle
membrane = sarcolemma

6?

endomysium

7?

myofibril

sarcomere

basic contractile unit of a myocyte (muscle fibre)

what is this structure? what is the pink? what is the yellow?

pink = myosin
yellow = actin

cardiac muscle structure

striated
single central nucleus
involuntary
irregular arrangement with intercalated disks

smooth muscle structure

no striations
single nucleus
involuntary
longer contractions

"force"

push or pull on an object, causing it to change velocity

formula for 'work done'

force x Δdistance

*Δ = change in

formula for 'power'

Δwork/Δtime

pennate muscle

muscle fibres at an angle to internal tendon/aponeurosis
increases physiological cross sectional area (which is proportional to force)

parallel muscle

fibres run parallel to line of pull
more sarcomeres in series
potential for increased velocity of contraction (speed = distance/time)
found where a limb needs movement

tenocytes

tendon cells
look like lines (histology)

tendon hierarchy

fascicles -> sub fascicles -> collagen fibres -> collagen fibrils

roles of tendon (5)

• minimising distal limb mass (e.g. horse)

• joins muscle to bone (transmitting muscle fore to skeleton)

• elastic energy storage

• energy conservation

• power amplification

long tendons are often coupled with pennate muscles for better power amplification (t/f)

true

stretched tendons recoil faster than a muscle shortens (t/f)

true