Pathological Conditions and Treatments of Joints in Human Anatomy

What is osteoarthritis?

A degenerative joint disease caused by the breakdown of bonds and joints over time, usually first occurring in middle age.

What factors can increase the risk of osteoarthritis?

Physical stress, obesity, and normal aging.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

The most common immune-related form of inflammatory joint disease, characterized by autoimmune attacks causing joint stiffness and dysfunction.

What are common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?

NSAIDs and sometimes steroids.

What is crystal-induced arthritis, commonly known as gout?

A condition caused by excess uric acid forming crystals around joints, primarily affecting men over middle age.

What is infectious arthritis?

Arthritis brought on by infections, such as tuberculosis or gonorrhea, and is most common in children.

What are the three degrees of ankle sprains?

First-degree: Partial tear with pain but able to bear weight; Second-degree: Larger tearing with pain and inability to bear weight; Third-degree: Extensive injury with full ligament tears and loss of normal range of motion.

What condition is characterized by frozen shoulder?

Adhesive capsulitis, which can result from immobilization or paralysis.

What are temporomandibular joint disorders?

Conditions that cause pain and stiffness in the face, jaw, or neck.

What are abnormal spinal curvatures?

Conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, hyperlordosis, hyperkyphosis, gibbus, and scoliosis affecting the alignment of the spine.

What are hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSDs)?

Conditions like Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes and Marfan Syndrome characterized by excessive joint mobility.

What are ganglia in relation to joints?

Cystic, round, usually nontender swellings located along tendon sheaths or joint capsules.

What is arthroscopy?

A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat joint issues using a scope.

What is joint resurfacing?

A surgical procedure where the joint surface is shaved down and reshaped.

What is synovectomy?

A surgical procedure that involves removing part of the synovial membrane from a joint.

What is arthrodesis?

A surgical procedure that fuses a joint to stop movement completely.

What is total joint replacement?

A surgical procedure that replaces a damaged joint with an artificial one, commonly performed on hips and shoulders.

What role do stem cells play in joint treatment?

Stem cells can be harvested from joints to promote healing in damaged areas.

What is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy?

A treatment that involves injecting concentrated platelets to promote healing in joint injuries.

What are the contraindications for massage in infectious arthritis?

Massage is contraindicated due to the risk of spreading the infection.

What is the impact of immobilization on joints?

Immobilization can lead to conditions like adhesive capsulitis, causing stiffness and reduced range of motion.