US History II - Progressive Era

Muckraking

Investigative journalism exposing corruption and social injustices.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theory to justify social inequality.

Referendum

Direct vote on a proposed law or policy.

Temperance Groups

Organizations advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol.

Prohibition

Legal ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

Open Shop

Workplace without mandatory union membership for employees.

International Workers of the World

Radical labor organization promoting worker solidarity globally.

American Federation of Labor

National federation of labor unions in the United States.

Niagara Movement

Civil rights organization advocating for African American rights.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Tuskegee Institute

Educational institution focused on African American vocational training.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal law to prohibit monopolistic business practices.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law ensuring food and drug safety standards.

Food and Drug Administration

Agency regulating food safety and pharmaceutical products.

Underwood Simmons Act

Tariff reform law reducing tariffs and implementing income tax.

16th Amendment

Constitutional amendment allowing federal income tax.

18th Amendment

Constitutional amendment instituting prohibition of alcohol.

Federal Reserve Act

Established the central banking system of the U.S.

Federal Trade Commission

Agency preventing unfair business practices and monopolies.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened antitrust laws and protected labor unions.

Public Health

Field focused on protecting and improving community health.

Settlement Houses

Community centers providing services to urban poor.

Education

Systematic instruction aimed at knowledge and skill development.

Child Labor

Employment of children in work that deprives them of education.

Political Machine

Political organization that influences voters through patronage.

Tenements

Overcrowded urban apartment buildings for low-income families.

Urban Ghettos

Segregated neighborhoods with concentrated poverty and limited resources.

Militarism

Policy of building up strong armed forces for war.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country's power through colonization.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy ensuring equal trade access in China.

Doughboys

Nickname for American soldiers in World War I.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers

Alliance including France, Britain, Russia, and later the U.S.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency promoting war support through propaganda.

Selective Service Act

Law requiring men to register for military service.

Bolsheviks

Radical socialist faction leading the Russian Revolution.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's proposal for post-WWI peace and self-determination.

League of Nations

International organization aimed at maintaining world peace.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds sold to support U.S. military efforts.

Espionage Act

Law punishing interference with military operations and recruitment.

Sedition Act

Law criminalizing speech against the government during wartime.

Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans from rural South to urban North.

Self-Determination

Right of people to choose their own political status.

Irreconcilables

Senators opposed to the Treaty of Versailles.

Welfare Capitalism

Business approach providing social welfare benefits to workers.

Model T

First affordable automobile mass-produced by Ford.

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process dividing tasks for efficiency.

Mass Culture

Shared experiences and values among large populations.

Radio

Medium for broadcasting news and entertainment widely.

Advertising

Promotion of products or services to consumers.

Flappers

Young women embracing new fashions and freedoms in the 1920s.

Bootlegging

Illegal production and distribution of alcohol during Prohibition.

Volstead Act

Law enforcing the 18th Amendment and Prohibition.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th U.S. President known for progressive reforms.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control activist and founder of Planned Parenthood.

William McKinley

25th U.S. President during the Spanish-American War.

Booker T. Washington

Educator advocating for vocational training for African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights activist and co-founder of NAACP.

Howard Taft

27th U.S. President and later Chief Justice.

Woodrow Wilson

28th U.S. President during World War I.

Jacob Riis

Social reformer and photographer exposing urban poverty.

Florence Kelley

Social reformer advocating for labor rights and child welfare.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Jane Addams

Pioneer in social work and co-founder of Hull House.

Lillian Wald

Nurse and social reformer advocating for public health.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker exposing Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle,' exposing meatpacking industry.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke whose assassination sparked World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Forces in WWI.

Warren G. Harding

29th U.S. President known for 'Return to Normalcy'.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized automobile production.

Calvin Coolidge

30th U.S. President known for pro-business policies.

Herbert Hoover

31st U.S. President during the Great Depression.

Ohio Gang

Group of politicians associated with Warren G. Harding.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Tragic fire leading to labor safety reforms.

Bread and Roses Strike

Labor strike advocating for better wages and conditions.

Homestead Strike

Labor dispute at Carnegie Steel leading to violence.

World War I

Global conflict from 1914 to 1918 involving major powers.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty ending World War I.

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 uprising leading to communist control in Russia.

Red Scare

Fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies in U.S.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Event triggering World War I.

Sinking of the Lusitania

British ship sunk by German U-boats, escalating tensions.

Zimmerman Telegram

Secret German proposal to Mexico during WWI.

Meuse-Argonne Campaign

Major American offensive in the final months of WWI.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Corruption scandal involving oil reserves during Harding's presidency.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement celebrating African American art and literature.

Immigration Act of 1921

Law limiting immigration based on national origins.

Second Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement.