HSCI 211 Test #4

Alimentary canal in order

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

3 high accessory organs

teeth, salivary glands, tongue

3 low accessory organs

liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Tissue layers of alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

What is in the submucosa layers?

Supply layer

What is part of the muscularis layers of alimentary canal?

longitudinal and circular muscle

What is the digestive processes in order?

Ingestion, mastication, deglutination, peristalsis, digestion, absorption, utilization, defecation

Ingestion

taking food into mouth

Mastication

chewing

Deglutination

swallowing

Peristalsis

propul

Absorption

nutrients move into the blood or lymph

Utilization

nutrients move into the cell

Defecation

Elimination of remains

Deglutition includes:

A voluntary phase and 2 involuntary phases

What are the two involuntary phases in deglutition?

Pharyngeal phase & esophageal phase

Segmentation

the back-and-forth motion to mix food

What are the salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

What salivary gland produces the most saliva when stimulated?

Parotid salivary gland

What salivary gland produces the most saliva when unstimulated?

Submandibular salivary gland

Upper esophageal sphincter

Between pharynx and esophagus

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

Between the esophagus and stomach, moves bolus

Pyloric sphincter

between the stomach and small intestine, controls the cyme

Ileocecal sphincter

Between small and large intestine

Internal anal sphincter

Between large intestine and anus

External anal sphincter

Between anus and outside

Which anal sphincter is voluntary?

External

Which anal sphincter is involuntary

Internal

What muscle is only a part of the stomach?

Oblique layer

What does the oblique smooth muscle do?

vigorously churn and mix food

What are the 5 types of cells in the stomach?

Parietal, chief, g, enterochromaffin, neck

Parietal cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid to activate pepsinogen, secretes intrinsic factor

Chief cells

Secret pepsinogen and gastric lipase

G cells

Secretion gastrin

Enterochromaffin cells

Secrete histamine and serotonin

Neck cells

Secrete mucus

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

What increases surface area of the small intestine?

Length, presence of circular folds, villi, microvilli

Length

Convoluted

Presence of circular folds

plica circulares

Villi

with a lacteal down the middle- lymphatic vessel that carries chylomicrons

Microvilli

also known as the brush border

Leptin

a signal from the adipose tissue to inhibit hunger and increase energy expenditure and body temp

Gastrin

found in stomach, duodenum and pancreas increases gastric activity

CCK

stimulated by lipids in diet (SI horm) which slows motility, causes bile release from GB and liver and satiety .

Secretin

from SI stimulates pancreatic juice from the pancreas

Glucagon/Insulin

glucose control via liver

Teniae Coli

thin strip

Haustra

each bulge

Epiploic Appendages

like a diverticula

What functions does the pancreas have?

Exocrine and endocrine functions

Gallbladder function

stores bile, CCK activates gallbladder to contract and release bile to break fat droplets (triglycerides)

What are the functions of the liver?

Detoxification of blood, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, secretion of bile

Where is the bolus created?

In the mouth

Where does digestion occur?

Stomach

where does absorption occur?

Small intestines

How are carbs carried in the blood?

glucose

How are proteins carried in the blood?

Amino acids

How are lipids carried in the blood?

fatty acids & glycerols

What denatures proteins?

Hydrochloric acid

What breaks down peptide bonds?

Pepsin

Enteric nervous system

Neurons and glial cells that innervate the intestines

What are the two plexuses apart the enteric nervous system?

myenteric and submucosal plexus

What are the intestinal reflexes?

Gastroileal, ileogastric and intestine-intestinal reflex

Gastroileal reflex

increased gastric activity, increased ileum activity and movement of food through ileocecal valve

Ileogastric reflex

distension of ileum causes a decrease in gastric motility

Intestino-intestinal reflex

Over-distension of one portion of the intestine causes relaxation of other portions

What breaks down fat dropletes?

bile

What is absorbed into lacteal?

Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons function

Deliver lipids of dietary original to body cells

Very-low-density lipoproteins function

Deliver endogenously produced triglycerides to body cells

Low-density lipoproteins

deliver endogenously produced cholesterol to various organs

High-density lipoproteins

Remove and degrade cholesterol

Metabolism

Sum of all energy-requiring and energy-consuming processes of the body

What factors contribute to overall metabolism?

Lean muscle mass, amount and quality of food consumed, physical demands placed on human body

What is the energy molecule?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What are the building blocks for synthesis of molecules

amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids

Cellular respiration

oxidizes glucose through glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

What is the input of cellular respiration?

glucose

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Mitochondrial inner membrane

What is the input for glycolysis?

1 glucose molecules

How much atp is consumed?

2

What is the output of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate

How much ATP do you produce in glycolysis?

4

How much NADHs are made?

2

Anaerobic respiration

Converts glucose into two lactate molecules without oxygen

Aerobic respiration

Glucose is oxidized into two pyr ate molecules

Krebs cycle

each pyruvate is converted to 2 acetyl CoA

What is produced in Krebs cycle?

NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Electron transport chain

series of electrons carriers and pumps H+ ions out of mitochondrial matrix

What gets oxidized in the ETC?

NADH/FADH2

What does carbohydrate metabolism involved in?

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

Gluconeogenesis

making new glucose

What is the input of gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, alanine, or glutamate

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

liver

Lipolysis

triglyceride molecule breaks down into a monoglyceride

When is fatty acids broken down?

When glucose levels are low

Chylomicrons

contains triglycerides, cholesterol molecules and other apolipoproteins