Memorizing Animalia: Non-chordates

Examples of Porifera

• Sponges

Examples of Cnidaria

• Jellyfish

• Coral

• Sea Anemone

Examples of Platyhelminthes

• Flat worms

• Tape worms

• Flukes

• Planarian

Examples of Nematoda

• Hook Worms

• Trichina

• Round worms

Examples of Rotifera

• Rotifers

Examples of Annelida

• Earth worms

• Leeches

Examples of Mollusca

• Snail

• Slug

• Squid

• Octopus

Examples of Arthropoda (insecta)

• Ants

• Dragon fly

Examples of Arthropoda (arachnida)

• Spiders

• Scorpions

Examples of Arthropoda (crustacea)

• Crabs

• Lobsters

• Crayfish

Examples of Echindermata

• Starfish

Examples of Chordata

• Vertebrates

Respiratory system of mollusca

• Gills

Respiratory system of insecta

• Spiracles

• Tracheal tubes

Respiratory system of arachnida

• Book lungs

Respiratory system of crustacea

• Gills

Respiratory system of echinodermata

• None

• Diffusion

Protisa digestive system

• Intracellular digestion

• Via amoebocytes

Cnidaria digestive system

• Gastrovascular cavity

Platylhelminthes digestive system

• Gastrovascular cavity

Porifera nervous system

None

Cnidaria nervous system

Nerve net (no brain)

Platyhelminthes nervous system

• 2 symmetrical nerve cords

• Anterior brain

Nemodata nervous system

• Anterior brain

• Nerve ring

• Peripheral nerves

Rotifera nervous system

• Anterior brain

• Peripheral nerves

Annelida nervous system

• Ventral nerve cord

• Anterior brain

Mollusca nervous system

• Ventral nerve cord

• Anterior brain

All arthopoda nervous system

• Ventral nerve cord

• Anterior brain

All echinodermata nervous system

• Nerve ring

• Radial nerves

Platyhelminthes excretory system

• Nephridia

• Protonephridia with flame cells

Rotifera excretory system

• Nephridia

• Protonephrida with flame cells

Annelida excretory system

• Metanephridia

Mollusca excretory system

• Nephridia

Arthropoda excretory system

• Malpighian tubules

Echinodermata excretory system

• None

• Diffusion

Annelida circulatory system

• Closed

Mollusca circulatory system

• Mainly open

• Cephalopods closed

Arthropod circulatory system

• Open

• Hemolymph

Echinodermata circulatory system

• Open

• No heart

Porifera reproductive system

• Asexual

  • Fragmentation

  • Budding

• Sexual

  • Hermaphrodites

Cnidaria reproductive system

• Sexual and asexual

Platyhelminthes reproductive system

• Sexual

  • Hermaphrodites

• Asexual

  • Regenration

Nematoda reproductive system

• Monoecious

• Dioecious

• Parthenogenetic

Rotifera reproductive system

• Sexual

• Parthenogenetic

Annelida reproductive system

• Sexual

  • Hermaphrodites

• Asexual

  • Regenration

Mollusca reproductive system

• Mostly dioecious (not all)

• External fertilization

Insecta reproductive system

• Sexual

• Parthenogenesis

Arachnida reproductive system

• Sexual

  • Internal fertilization

Crustacea reproductive system

• Sexual

  • External fertilization

Echinodermata reproductive system

• Sexual

  • External fertilization

• Asexual

  • Fragmentation

Describe general characteristics of Porifera

• Simplest, most primitive phylum

• Sessile suspension feeders with choanocytes (flagellated cells that move water in and out of the sponge)

• Spicules (needle-like structures)

Describe general characteristics of Cnidaria

• Sessile polyp and a mobile medusa stage

• Cnidocyte cells containing nematocysts (stinging structure)

• Hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion

Describe general characteristics of Ctenophora

• Phylum similar to cnidaria

• Use CILIA for locomotion

• Have colloblasts instead of nematocysts

Describe general characteristics of Platyhelminthes

• Have neoblasts (non-differentiated cells) to allow for regeneration

• Flame cells aid in osmoregulation

• Can be parasitic

Describe general characteristics of Nematoda

• Roundworms (NOT including Earthworms)

• First example of complete digestion

Describe general characteristics of Rotifera

• Microscopic organisms with a corona (ciliated structures that sweeps food into mouth)

Describe general characteristics of Annelida

• Segmented worms with repeated features

• Have glands for excretion and osmoregulation that work with blood vessels

Describe general characteristics of Mollusca (general)

• All have a foot for locomotion and anchoring

• Radula (tongue life organ with teeth-like projections for eating)

• Mantle (tissue layer that secretes a hard shell)

Describe general characteristics of Mollusca (cephalopods)

• Head-foot molluscs

  • Octopi, squids, cuttlefish

• Cephalization

• Developed nervous system

• Closed circulatory systems

  • High mobility = high O2 demand

Describe general characteristics of Mollusca (gastropods)

• Stomach foot molluscs (snails, slugs)

• Open circulatory system with hemocoel (space for blood to flow to tissues)

Describe general characteristics of Mollusca (bihalves)

• Clams, Scallops, oysters, mussels

• Suspension feeders

• Shell consisting of two hinged valves

• Open circulatory system with a hemocoel

Describe general characteristics of Echinodermata

• Most closely related phylum to primitive vertebrates

• Podocyte cells filter bodily fluids

• Water vascular system (a hydraulic system)

  • Locomotion

  • Nutrient/waste transportation

  • Respiration

Describe general characteristics of Arthropoda (general)

• Body segmentation and chitin exoskeleton

• Can be born as nymphs (small version of adult) or as larvae (undergo metamorphosis in a pupa/cocoon)

• Insects

  • Large number of species

  • 6 legs

  • Common vectors for parasitic infection (mosquitos spread malaria)

• Arachnids

  • 8 legs

• Crustaceans

  • 10 legs

  • Cephalothorax

  • Some (lobsters) are aquatic

Describe invertebrates

• No backbone or spine

• Includes lancelets and tunicates

Describe vertebrates

• Vertebrae to protect spinal cord

• Cranium to protect the brain

• Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of bone and cartilage

• Includes:

  • Fish

  • Amphibians

  • Birds

  • Mammals

• Exception

  • Hagfish and lampreys do NOT have an endoskeleton

Describe ectotherms

• AKA Poikilotherms

• Cold blooded

• The environment determines their body temperature

Describe endotherms

• AKA Homeotherms

• Warm blooded

• Steady body temperature maintained via heat generated by metabolism

• Physical adaptions like

  • Fat

  • Hair

  • Feathers

Describe viviparity

• Birth to live young (ex. humans)

• Receive direct nourishment from the mother during development

Describe oviparity

• Fertilized eggs are laid and hatch externally (ex. chickens)

• Receive nourishment from the egg’s yolk

Describe ovoviviparity

• Fertilized eggs hatch internally

• Live young are born (ex. sharks)

• Receive nourishment from egg’s yolk

Describe amniotes

• Extraembryonic membranes that nourish and support embryo

• Ex. birds, reptiles, mammals

• Features

  • Terrestrial eggs

  • Waterproof membrane

  • Additional extraembryonic structures

    • Chorion

    • Amnion

    • Allantois

Describe anamniotes

• Lack extraembryonic membranes

• Ex. Amphibians, fish

• Features

  • Aquatic eggs

  • No outer shell

  • Vitelline membrane

    • Jelly that surrounds eggs

Describe amniotic egg features from external to internal

1. Shell: provides protection and contains pores for gas exchange

2. Albumen: cushions and supplies water and proteins to the embryo

3. Yolk sac: supplies nutrients/food to the embryo

4. Chorion: facilitates gas exchange

5. Allantois: stores waste from the embryo

6. Amnion: membrane that encases the embryo and surrounding amniotic fluid, which cushions embryo

Describe lancelets/tunicates

• Urochordata and cephalochordata

• Ex: tunicates, lancelets, sea squirts

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Heart

• Primitive nervous system

• No respiratory system (diffusion)

• Ammonia

• Lancelets:

  • Pharyngeal slits for filter feeding

• Tunicates

  • Benthic habitats

  • Modified pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding

  • Motile larval stage/sessile adult stage

Describe jawless fish

• Ex. hagfish and lamprey

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Two chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Gills

• Ammonia

• No jaw, scales, or bones

• Only cartilage

• Lamprey are parasitic with rows of teeth to suck blood

Describe cartilaginous fish

• Ex. sharks

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Two chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Gills

• Urea

• Cartilaginous skeleton

• First appearance of jaws

Describe bony fish

• Ex. salmon, halibut

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Two chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Gills

• Ammonia

• Features

  • Bony skeleton with operculum (bony cover to protect gills)

  • Gills used for oxygen

  • Lungs (swim bladder) used for buoyancy

  • Further evolution into lobe finned fish (coelacanths)

Describe amphibians

• Ex. tadpole, frog, toad, salamander, newt

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Three-chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Gills (juvenile), lungs (adults)

• Urea

• Features

  • Ectothermic

  • Anamniotic (eggs must be laid in water)

  • Tetrapods

  • Exhibit cutaneous respiration (scaleless, moist permeable skin)

  • Aquatic (tadpoles) and terrestrial (adults)

Describe reptiles

• Ex. turtle, snake, crocodile, alligator

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Three-chambered heart

  • Exception: alligators and crocodiles have 4 chambered hearts

• Complete brain

• Lungs

• Uric acid

• Features

  • Ectothermic

  • Amniotic tetrapods with impermeable, scale skin

  • Can be oviporous, viviporous, or ovoviviporous

  • Common ancestor with birds (crocodiles are most closely related)

Describe birds

• Ex. eagle, blue jay

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Four-chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Lungs

• Uric acid

• Features

  • Endothermic

  • Amniotic tetrapods

  • Feathers for insulation

  • Pneumatic bones (air spaces to decrease weight)

  • Oviparous with most advanced respiratory system

Describe mammals (monotremes)

• Ex. Duckbill platypus, echidna (spiny anteater)

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Four-chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Lungs

• Urea

• Features

  • Non-placental

  • Leathery-egg-laying mammals

  • Oviparous

  • Born immature with short gestation period

  • Have no teeth

Describe features of mammals in general

• Endothermic

• Amniotic tetrapods

• Reproduce sexually

• Hair

• Diaphragm

• Hetrodonty

• 3 middle ear bones

• Mammary glands

Describe mammals (Marsupials)

• Ex. kangaroo, opossum

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Four-chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Lungs

• Urea

• Features:

  • Non-placental

  • Born live and premature (crawl to mother’s nipples for milk)

  • Short gestation period

  • Young are carried and continue to develop in a pouch after birth

Describe mammals (placental)

• Ex. bat, whale, mouse, human

• Bilateral with cephalization

• Tripoblasts

• Coelomate

• Alimentary canal

• Four-chambered heart

• Complete brain

• Lungs

• Urea

• Features

  • Fetuses are carried in the uterus

  • Undergo live birth (vivparous)

  • Born mature (fully developed)

  • Long gestation period