Origins of Global Governance and Westphalia

What does Clulow (lecture 1) attribute to the rapid pace of European expansion eastwards in the 15th and 16th centuries?

1. technology (iron weapons and firearms)

2. strong sense of confidence

What does Clulow argue about Europe’s role in the Asian political order?

• that we must move away from a Eurocentric view and see that Europeans had to adapt to find a place in the order

What does Zhang (lecture 1) argue about the impact that the Europeans had on the East?

• economic impact was insignificant

• Dutch diplomacy offered naval assistance and military cooperation

What does Spruyt (lecture 2) argue about state formation?

• decline of feudal order created institutional innovation

• sovereignty spread by mutual recognition

• Darwinian selection by war, survival of the fittest

• mimicry and exit

• those states that were selected out were just less efficient

What are the three approaches to sovereignty that Costa Lopez (lecture 2) discusses?

• presentist - sovereignty an artefact of modernity, cannot be applied to the premodern era

• genealogical - despite sovereignty being a distinctly modern idea, it should be viewed as the culmination of tradition and speculation on the source of supreme authority

• historicist - concept of sovereignty can be applied to reveal the dynamics of any world order

What does Costa Lopez argue about the concept and language of sovereignty?

• concept of sovereignty existed long before the language did

• we can only see the two together when the international state system crystallised in the 19th century

What does Beaulac (lecture 3) argue about the importance of Westphalia?

• sovereign state formation began several centuries before Westphalia

• hard to see the treaty as groundbreaking

• German princes were already conducting their own foreign policy

What does Osiander (lecture 3) argue about the importance of Westphalia?

• Boucher argues that the treaty provided foundation for the formal state system of Europe

• Osiander argues that the Westphalian ‘myth’ can be traced back to Leo Gross (‘majestic portal’)

• before the 19thc., the state and society weren’t seen as coextensive

• most sig. factor in the transition (which was gradual) were the Industrial and French Revolutions

What does Conteno (lecture 4) argue about European state formation?

• shift of control of means of violence from public to private

• size of armies increased dramatically and composition was based on national identity

• European state formation had a basic organisational capacity that was absent in Latin America

What does Rodriguez (lecture 4) argue about independence movements in Latin America?

• British-American, Spanish-American and French American independence movements began in response to threats to their self-interests

What does Mazower (lecture 14) argue about the origins of global governance?

• Concert of Europe prioritised order and hierarchy

• ‘civilisation mission’ - colonisation of Africa justified by international law on these grounds

• emergence of free trade quickly used to underwrite a form of imperialism

• Britain welcomed arbitration as it allowed them to cement Anglo-American alliance

What does Ikenberry (lecture 14) argue about how the international order was founded?

• great moments of international order building tend to come after major wars

• postwar institutions have served as mechanisms of political control allowing states to lock in favourable sets of conditions

• Concert diplomacy was a mechanism to moderate and restrain the exercise of power by major states via the promulgation of norms of restraint