APH CH 6 integumentary system and burns

4 major types of membranes

serious

mucous

synovial

cutaneous

Function

• Lines body cavities that lack openings to outside

• Secrete watery serous fluid (lubrication)

Serous Membrane

Tissue Type

• Layer of simple squamous and loose connective

Serous Membrane

Body Example

• Inner lining of cavities and covers organs in… thorax, abdomen

Serous Membrane

Function

• Lines cavities and tubes that open to outside of body

• Goblet cells secrete mucus

Mucous Membrane

Tissue Type

• Epithelium over loose connective tissue

Mucous Membrane

Body Examples

• Cavities… Oral, nasal, tubes of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive system

Mucous Membrane

Function

 Inner lining of joint cavities

 Secretes synovial fluids for lubrication

Synovial Membrane

Tissue Type

 Dense connective tissue over loose connective and adipose tissue

Synovial Membrane

Body Examples

 Synovial joints: knee, elbow, hip

Synovial Membrane

• Body Example – Skin

Cutaneous Membrane

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

Prevents: excessive water loss, mechanical injury, effects of harmful chemicals, and keeps out disease-causing microorganisms

Epidermis

Lacks blood vessels (because it is composed of stratified squamous epithelium)

Epidermis

Stratum Basale- deepest layer of epidermis;

close to the dermis

Epidermis

Nourished by dermal blood vessels

Epidermis

As this layer divides and grows, older epidermal cells are pushed away from the dermis towards the skin surface

Epidermis

Farther cell moves = poorer nutrient =

death

Process where older cells harden

Keratinization

Cytoplasm fills with tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin protein

Keratinization

Many layers of tough, highly packed dead cells accumulate in the outer epidermis (4-5 layers depending on thickness of epidermis in different regions)

Keratinization

1) stratum corneum:

outer most layer

2) stratum lucidum:

found only in thick areas (palms and soles)

3) stratum granulosum:

may be missing where epidermis is thin

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale:

next to basement membrane

Cell division increases where skin is rubbed causing growth of thickened areas called ________ (hands and feet); or ______ on toes

calluses; corns

Melanin: Produced by specialized cells in the epidermis called ________

melanocytes

Dark pigment that provides skin color

Melanin

Function

- Absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight

Melanin

Function

- Prevents mutations in the DNA of skin cells

and other damaging effects

Melanin

Skin Color - due largely to ________

melanin

All people have about the ______ number of melanocytes

same

inner layer

dermis

Thicker than epidermis

dermis

Contains connective tissue consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood

dermis

__________ is anchored to the dermis to the epidermis and separates the two skin layers

Basement membrane

Beneath the dermis

Subcutaneous Layer

Made of masses of loose connective and adipose tissue

Subcutaneous Layer

Binds skin to underlying organs

Subcutaneous Layer

stretchy skin

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

a disorder of the connective tissues affecting the skin, ligaments and internal organs

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

The collagen that strengthens the skin and determines its elasticity becomes defective, resulting in, among other things, a loosening of the skin and hypermobility of the joints

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

In more serious cases, it can cause the fatal collapse or rupturing of blood vessels.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Amount of ________ that melanocytes produce affect skin color

melanin

_______ and ________ of the pigment granules affect skin color

Distribution; size

____________ (abundant production = darker skin) affect skin color

Genetics

______________ (ultraviolet light) affects skin color

Sunlight

___________ (radiation) affects skin color

X-ray

_________- carotene in vegetable can turn skin orange

Diet

___________ (in body)- Bilirubin (juandice) affects skin color

Chemicals

Amount of _________ in dermal vessels affects skin color

blood

High oxygen =

hemoglobin is pinkish skin

Low oxygen =

hemoglobin is bluish (cyanosis)

inflammation of liver and causes whites of eyes and skin to turn yellow

Hepatitis

purple skin=

constriction of blood vessels in response to cold

Dermal ridges (papillae) between the epidermis and dermal

Fingerprints

Determined by genes and baby pushing against uterine wall

Fingerprints

Everyone’s __________ are different (including twins)

fingerprints

papillae

Dermal ridges

3 Main Types of fingerprints

Arch

Loop

Whorl

4 Accessory Organs

Hair Follicles

Sebaceous Glands

Nails

Sweat Glands

where most cell division occurrs

hair follicle

condition of excessive hair growth where hair normally doesn’t grow

hypertrichosis

Oil glands associated with hair follicles that secrete sebum

Sebaceous Glands

Keep hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof

Sebaceous Glands

Pimples/acne- overactive glands that become plugged and inflamed

Sebaceous Glands

white thing that comes out of pimples

white blood cell

Protective covering at the end of the fingers and toes

Nails

Contains nail plate and nail bed

Nails

½ moon shape at base of nail plate – most active growing area

Lunula

Nail growth occurs by ___________ cells

keratinized

Sweat is carried to the surface by

pores (Sweat Glands)

Sweat glands contain mostly water, but also small amounts of ______, _______ and _______

salt_, urea, uric acid

Contains mostly water, but also small amounts of salt, urea and uric acid

Sweat Glands

Responds to increase of body temperature; most common

eccrine (merocrine) glands

Responds to emotions, pain or when frightened; “sex scent”

apocrine glands

squamous cell or basal cell carcinomas

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Skin cancer that is non-pigmented epithelial cells

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Most common type of skin cancer

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Skin cancer found in light-skinned people and +40 years old

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Regular exposure to sun light can cause

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Slow growing skin cancer

Cutaneous Carcinomas skin cancer

Skin cancer from melanocytes

Cutaneous Melanomas skin cancer

Skin cancer that can affect any age

Cutaneous Melanomas skin cancer

Skin cancer that is short, high intense sunlight

Cutaneous Melanomas skin cancer

Sunscreen

Avoid sun exposure

Regular skin exams

General Prevention of skin cancers

not normal

not normal

not normal

normal

ASYMMETRY:

One half does not match the other

BORDER:

Edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred

COLOR:

Color is not consistent throughout

DIAMETER:

Larger than 6 mm across (about ¼ inch -- pencil eraser), melanomas sometimes are smaller

EVOLVING:

Changes in size, shape, color, appearance, or growing in an area of previously normal skin

this “ABCDE” Rules to Melanoma is not concerning on its own but with other characteristics

DIAMETER:

malignant

cancerous

benign

not cancerous

metastasis

spreading of malignant growth