PLN 3 FINALS (p. 27-34)

Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory: developed by the German geographer _______.

Central Place Theory

A set of ideas and principles to explain the spacing and function of settlement patterns.

Under ideal circumstances, Walter argued, central places of the same size and form will become established at roughly equal spacings with secondary or lower-order centers in between, each of which in turn may be connected to smaller units.

Despite certain limitations, the general principles appear to have application to ancient settlement patterns, especially those relating to societies in which a market economy of some kind was operating.

A central place

Under central place theory, it is a settlement providing services for the population of its hinterland.

Threshold Population

Is the minimum population necessary to support the service activity. If the population falls below this population, the activity will run at a loss and will face closure in the long run.

Market Range of a Service Activity

Is the distance which people are willing to travel to reach the service

Nesting Pattern

Is the infiltration of a lower order center within a high order center

central

The basic function of a city is to be a ____ place providing goods and services for a surrounding tributary area

order

The centrality of a city is a summary measure of the degree to which it is such a service center; the greater the centrality of a place, the higher is its _______.

Higher Order Places

offer goods, have more establishments and business types, larger population, tributary areas and tributary population, do greater volume of business and are more widely spaced than lower order places

Low Order Places

provide only low order goods to low order tributary areas. These low order goods usually require frequent purchasing with little consumer travel.

"nesting"

Centers of each higher order group perform all the functions of lower order centers plus a group of central functions that differentiate them from and sets them above the lower order.

Therefore, a _______ pattern of the lower order trade within the trade area of high order center is created

static

Problems with Central Place Theory:

______ and descriptive approach: fails to account evolutionary process.

large centers

Possible distortion of the hierarchy by the domination of _____ shadow effect for small centers could be discouraging.

Growth Pole Theory

The core idea of this theory is that economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.

key industry

This pole (growth pole theory) is often characterized by _____ around which linked industries develop, mainly through direct and indirect effects.

The expansion of this industry implies the expansion of output, employment, related investments, as well as new technologies and new industrial sectors.

secondary growth pole

Because of scale and agglomeration economies near the growth pole, regional development is unbalanced.

Transportation, especially transport terminals, can play a significant role in such a process. The more dependant or related an activity is to transportation, the more likely and strong this relationship.

At a later stage, the emergence of a ______ is possible, mainly if a secondary industrial sector emerges with its own linked industries.

growth pole

Occurs in economic space (Difference Between Growth Pole and Growth Center/Point)

Growth Center/Point

refers to spatial location (Difference Between Growth Pole and Growth Center/Point)

Concepts of leading industries and propulsive firms

States that at the center of growth poles are large propulsive firms belonging to leading industries which dominate other economic units. There may be just one single dominant propulsive firm or a core of them forming an industrial complex

Concept of Polarization

States that the rapid growth of the leading industries (propulsive growth) induces the polarization of other economic units into the pole of growth. Agglomeration of economies.

Concept of Spread Effect

States that in time the dynamic propulsive qualities of the growth pole radiate outwards into the surrounding space. These trickling down or "spread effects" are particularly attractive to the regional planner as a policy tool.

Leading

(Limitations on Polarization)

___ industry itself may decline

agglomeration

(Limitations on Polarization)

Diseconomies of scale may outweigh _______ benefits

Poor

(Limitations on Polarization)

_____ sector versus high profit in urban areas which is not enough

public service

(Limitations on Polarization)

Rising cost of ______, congestion, noise, air pollution

work

(Limitations on Polarization)

Longer journey to _____.

Uses of Growth Pole Theory in Regional Planning

Method for predicting changes in that structure and prescribing solutions to certain regional problems

Growth Pole Theory as a Policy Tool in Regional Plannin

- Owing to the various agglomeration economies it tends to be a very efficient way of generating development

- The concentration of investment in specific growth points costs less in terms of public expenditure than wholesale grants to large areas

-The spread effect out of the growth points will help to solve the problems of depressed regions

Growth Pole Theory as a Policy Tool

The theory provides a complement to Central Place Theory to explain regional anatomy and provide several concepts of immediate value and relevance to the regional planner.

Ernest W. Burgess (1929)

made Theory of Concentric Zones (City Growth Theories)

Central business district (CBD)

In theory of Concentric Zones, zone I is the __.

transition zone

In theory of Concentric Zones, zone II is the __, or the It is the crowded, multi-occupied zone of the city first invaded by migrants.

Within this Zone are the ghetto areas (these are not necessarily slums)

working class zone

In theory of Concentric Zones, zone III is the __, or the area of second generation immigrants.

residential zone

In theory of Concentric Zones, zone IV is the _____, composed of single family homes, yards/garages.

commuter zone

In theory of Concentric Zones, zone IV is the _____, or the suburbs.

Theory of Concentric Zones

In ________, all zones are held to have evolved separately and without planning. They result from the competition of different socio-economic groups for land. This competition results in variations in the cost of land and, therefore, causes segregation within a city.

This theory is more applicable to cities in the USA than to European cities.

transport routes

In Theory of Concentric Zones, it ignores the importance of _____, but relies on the theory that city growth results from distinct waves of in-migrants, that is to invasion and succession.

Sector Theory

The view that housing areas in a city develop in sectors along the lines of communication, from the CBD outwards. High quality areas run along roads and also reflect the incidence of higher ground. Industrial sectors develop along canals and railways, away from high quality housing. Thus a high status residential area will spread out along the lines of the sector by the addition of new belts of housing beyond the outer arc of the city. Once contrasts in land use have developed in a sector near to the city, these contrasts will be perpetuated as the city grows.

H. Hoyt (1939)

Sector Theory was advanced by ________ as an alternative to Burgess' concentric model, and was based on residential rent patterns in the USA.

Chauncy D. Harris, Edward L. Ullman (1945)

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Harris and Ullman combined elements of the Concentric Zone Theory and Sector Theory with certain other factors to explain land use. A model of town growth based on the fact that many towns and nearly all large cities grow about many nuclei rather than around a simple CBD. Some of these nuclei are pre-existing settlements, others arise from urbanization and external economies.

While the layout of the model is generally standard in most reference books, the location of the various sectors is infinitely variable, in contrast to the concentric model.

repel

In multiple nuclei theory, distinctive land-use zones develop because some activities _____each other; high-quality housing does not generally arise next to industrial areas, and other activities cannot afford the high costs of the most desirable locations. New industrial areas develop in suburban locations since they require easy access, and outlying business districts may develop for the same reason.

James E. Vance, Jr. (1964)

Urban Realms Theory by the geographer _________.

Urban Realms Theory

As a means of improving upon the multiple nuclei model, proposed the _____ model.

Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework. Now urban realms have become, so large they even have exurbs, not just suburbs.

The model works extremely well with the San Francisco Bay area, because it is where Vance came up with the model for it. Vance developed the urban realms model from his observation of the San Francisco Bay area and its sprawling metropolis.

This model includes independent suburban downtowns as their foci, and yet they are within the sphere of influence of the central city and its metropolitan CBD.

Exurbs

are suburbs that are, so far away from a city they really cant be called suburbs any more.

Each urban realm depends on four factors:

i. The overall size of the metropolitan region

ii. The amount of economic activity in each urban realm

iii. The topography and major land features, which help to identify each realm

iv. The internal accessibility of each realm for daily economic functions and travel patterns

An urban realm is likely to become self-sufficient if:

i. The size of the overall metropolis is large

ii. There is a large amount of decentralized economic activity in the region

iii. Topography barriers isolate the suburban region

iv. Good internal accessibility for daily commercial and business travel exists (especially to airport)

Urban realms model

This model does a good job at explaining suburban growth and how certain functions that are normally found in the CBD can be moved to the suburbs (such as shopping malls, hospitals, schools, etc.).

These functions diminish the importance of the CBD and instead create distant realms that accomplish approximately the same thing.