nutrition exam 2: carbs, lipids, proteins, alcohol

lipase released from the mouth

lingual

lipase released from the stomach

gastric

lipase released from the small intestine

pancreatic

4 rings of carbon and 1 hydrogen

sterol

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, nitrogen

phospholipid

fish oil is an example of what

omega 3

olive oil is an example of what

monounsaturated

vegetable is an example of what 2 things

polyunsaturated, omega 6

phospholipid that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic in foods

lecithin

fat transporters (lipoproteins)

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

where are carbs stored

liver and muscle

plants store carbs in the form of ____

starch

3 major sources of fiber in our diet

cellulose, pectin, lignin

cellulose is in the ____ of plants

cell wall

lignin is an ___ in plants

adhesive

cellulose and lignin are ___ fibers

insoluble

pectin is a ___ fiber

soluble

what products do not contain fiber so we can get them from where else??

animal products do not, we get them from plants

soluble fiber lowers ____

cholesterol

insoluble fibers promote __

heart health

whole grains contain what 3 things?

bran, endosperm, germ

refined grains contain what 1 thing

endosperm

enriched grains add what?

folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron

how many amino acids do we have

20

essential amino acids #

9

nonessential amino acids #

11

conditionally essential because

nonessential amino acids can become essential due to a disease, etc.

formula to calculate protein needs

.8 g/kg

protein is used for energy rather than its other functions in the body

PEM

severe deficiency in kilocalories; frail and emancipated, skin and bones

marasmus

severe protein deficiency, edema in legs and feet with fat stomach

kwashiorkor

chronic defiance in kilocalories and protein, have edema in legs and arm with a skin and bones appearance

marasmus-kwashiorkor

what denatures protein in the stomach

HCl

what denatures proteins in the small intestine

CCK

what people can eat dairy foods

lacto and lacto-ovo

what people can eat eggs

lacto-ovo and ovo

does vegan eat dairy?

no

alcohol is metabolized through the ____

stomach lining directly into the blood

ADH ____ in males as you get older and ___ in females

decrease, increase

what does MEOS stand for

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

what is responsible for tolerance?

MEOS

wine improves heart health in men over __ and women over __

45, 55

stages of liver disease

1. fatty liver

2. alcoholic hepatitis

3. cirrhosis

what causes a hangover

acetylaldehyde (congeners??)

what foods slow alcohol absorption

carbs

proof reflects __ the alcohol content

twice

beer is __% alcohol

5

wine is __% alcohol

7-14

creates proteins on demand

amino acid pool

what type doesn't produce enough insulin

1

what type is resistant to the effects of insulin

2

amine group is removed from an amino acid

deamination

peptide bonds broken via this

hydrolysis

not enough glucose

hypoglycemia

too much glucose

hyperglycemia

process of degrading and synthesizing proteins

protein turnover

transferring the nitrogen from one amino acid to a keto acid and creating a nonessential amino acid

transamination

this carb is resistant to digestion

amylose

this carb is easier to digest

amylopectin

___ fiber dissolves in water and is easily fermented

soluble

___ fiber does not dissolve in water and is not easily fermented

insoluble

___ fiber increase stool bulk

insoluble

___ fiber lowers blood glucose and appetite control

soluble

what type of saccharide is found in breast milk

oligosaccharides

normal blood glucose level is ___-___ mg/dl

70-100

hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

insulin

hormone that increases blood glucose levels

glucagon

these 3 hormones also increase blood glucose

cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone

you should have between _ and _ g of fiber a day

25-38

if you have PKU you should not have __

aspartame

this type of fatty acid has no double bonds and is solid at room temp with a higher melting point

saturated

these fatty acids have a double bonds and are liquid at room temp a lower melting point

unsaturated

hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond

cis

hydrogens are on opposite sids of the double bond

trans

phospholipids are packaged as __ in the small intestine

micelles

__ is an emulsifier

bile

___ travel through the lymph system and enter the bloodstream

chylomicrons

cholesterol is only from __ products

animal

you should exercise and eat less trans fats to lower your __

cholesterol

process of rearranging fatty acids to improve consistency and usefulness of processed food

interestification

heart disease begins with ___

atherosclerosis

injury to the lining of the arteries causing inflammation and macrophages form scab like plaques

atherosclerosis

amino acids are absorbed in the ___

small intestine

pregnant women and ppl recovering from surgery would be in ___ nitrogen balance

postive

people after surgery fighting infection are in ___ nitrogen balance

negative

too much protein may increase risk for ___ and ____, and bone loss- _____, and ____

heart disease and kidney stones, osteoporosis, cancer

females have ____-___% less ADH

20-30

alcohol takes precedence over ___

drugs

alcohol is a ___

drug

alcohol affects these 4 things in order:

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, brain stem

average age for a first drink is

14

thiamin deficiency

wernicke-korskakoff syndrome

____ joins monosaccharides together

condensation

short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed through the ____ directly into the blood stream

intestines

__ returns cholesterol to the liver

HDL

___ determines a lipoproteins function

density

most abundant protein is

collagen

1 drink of liquor is ___ oz

1.5

___ and ___ reduce heart disease

beer and wine

i serving = ___ oz ethanol

1/2