Anatomy & Physiology Lab Final Study Guide

Flashcards covering bone classification, skull and facial anatomy, thoracic cage details, major muscle groups, contraction physiology, brain regions, and cranial nerves.

How are Long Bones defined, and what are examples from the transcript?

Long Bones are longer than wide; examples include the Femur, Humerus, and Radius.

Which bones are classified as Short Bones?

Short Bones are cube like shaped to move, with examples being Carpals and Tarsals.

What characterizes Flat Bones and what are three examples?

Flat Bones are thin and protective; examples include the sternum, scapula, and Ribs.

What are examples of an Irregular Bone?

Vertebrae and the Sphenoid.

What is a Sesamoid Bone and what is a specific example?

A Sesamoid Bone grows inside tendons; an example is the patella.

Identify the six Cranial Bones listed in the notes.

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, sphenoid, and Ethmiod.

Match the following Cranial Bones to their location: Frontal, Parietal, and Occipital.

Frontal: forehead; Parietal: top and sides of head; Occipital: back of head.

Which Facial Bones make up the upper and lower jaw?

Maxilla (upper jaw) and Mandible (lower jaw).

What is the function or location of the Lacrimal and Zygomatic bones?

Lacrimal is at the inner corner of each eye socket; Zygomatic are the cheekbones.

What is the Vomar?

The middle of the nose.

What are the three parts of the Sternum?

Manubrium, body, and Xiphiod Process.

What are the quantities for the three types of ribs in the Thoracic Cage?

True Ribs ($7$ pairs, $14$ total); False Ribs ($3$ pairs, $6$ total); Floating Ribs ($2$ pairs, $4$ total).

According to the notes, what are the names of the eight Carpals?

Hammate, Triquetrum, Capitate, Pisiform, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Scaphoid, and Lumate.

Which muscle is located around the mouth?

Orbicularis Oris.

What is the location of the Serratus Anterior?

The side of the ribs under the armpit.

Which muscle is found on the thumb side of the forearm?

Brachioradialis.

What is the function of the Sartorius muscle?

It runs diagonally across the front of the thigh.

Differentiate between the Gastrocnemius and the Soleus.

Gastrocnemius is the calf muscle; Soleus is located under the gastrocnemius (lower calf).

What are the steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling listed in Lab 10?

Nerve signal \u2192 Ach release \u2192 Action potential \u2192 T-tubules \u2192 Calcium release \u2192 Troponin binds calcium \u2192 Tropomyosin moves \u2192 myosin binds action.

What occurs during the 'Power Stroke' phase of muscle contraction?

ATP releases myosin and the muscle contracts.

What are the four lobes of the Cerebrum?

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Occipital Lobe.

What structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?

Brainstem.

What is the function of the Olfactory and Optic nerves?

Olfactory (Cranial Nerve I) is for smell; Optic (Cranial Nerve II) is for vision.

Which three Cranial Nerves are involved in eye movement?

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI).

What is the function of Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)?

Parasympathetic Control.

Identify the function of Cranial Nerve VII and Cranial Nerve VIII.

Facial (VII): Facial Expression; Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing & Balance.

Name the segments of the Vertebral Column from top to bottom.

Cervical vertebrae (neck), Thoracic vertebrae (upper/middle back), Lumbar Vertebrae (lower back), Sacrum, and Coccyx (tailbone).

What is the Glenoid Cavity?

The socket where the arm bone fits on the Scapula.

Where is the Deltoid Tuberosity located and what is its purpose?

It is a rough area halfway down the Humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

What is the difference in location between the Radius and the Ulna?

The Radius is on the thumb side of the forearm; the Ulna is on the pinky side of the forearm.

Identify the parts of the Ulna mentioned in the transcript.

Olecranon (point of the elbow) and the Trochlear notch (curved part that forms the elbow joint).

Describe the Greater Trochanter and Lesser Trochanter of the Femur.

Greater Trochanter: large bump on the outside near the hip; Lesser Trochanter: smaller bump underneath.

Distinguish between the Tibia and Fibula.

Tibia: large Shin bone on the inside of the leg; Fibula: thin bone on the outside of the lower leg.

What are the names of the ankle bones (Tarsals) listed in the study guide?

Talus, Calcaneus, navicular, Cuboid, medial Cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, and Intermediate cuneiform.