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\_______ is lack of resistance to a disease

susceptibility

\_____ is ability to ward off disease

resistance

\______ is defenses against any pathogen

nonspecific resistance

\_______ is immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

specific resistance

\_____ is species-specfic immunity

native (innate)

what are these known as? susceptibility, resistance, nonspecific resistance, specific resistance, and native (innate)??

nonspecific desfenses of the Host

\______ is skin and mucous membranes

first line of defense

\_____ involves phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

second line of defense

what type of defense are the first and second ones in?

non specific resistance

what type of defense is the third line in?

specific resistance

what is specfic resistance known for?

immunity

\_________ defenses that protect against any pathogen, regardless of species

non specific resistance

\_______ is effective against particular pathogens

third line of defense

which line contains:
•Intact skin.
•Mucous membranes
& their secretions.
•Normal microbiota / flora?

first line of defense

which line contains:
•Phagocytes, such as neutrophils,
eosinophils, dendritic cells, and
macrophages.
•Inflammation.
•Fever.
•Antimicrobial substances?

second line of defense

which line contains:
•Specialized lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells.
•Antibodies?

third line of defense

What's the largest organ in the body?

skin

\_____ provides a barrier against penetration by microorganisms

skin

what happens when skin is in tact?

nothing enters body

\_____ secretes mucous and prevents cell drying

mucous membranes

\___ Dilutes the number of bacteria in eye and send it to nose OR throat

lacrimal apparatus

\____ is a group of structures that manufacture and drain tears

lacrimal apparatus

\_____ is the channel to nose and to throat

lacrimal apparatus

\________keeps microorganisms from settling on the surface of the eye

continual washing

\______dilutes number of mouth microorganisms & send 2 stomach

saliva

\_____ washes from surface of teeth

saliva

\____ takes care of microorganisms once they're diluted

stomach acid

where is ciliary escalator?

respiratory tract

\____ moves mucous toward throat

cilia

\_____ physically removes microorganisms

ciliary escalator

what is a cough an example of?

ciliary escalator

\______ helps prevents colonization by microbes

urine flow

urine flow and vaginal secretions are examples of?

genitourinary

\______ move microorganism out of body

vaginal secretions

what discourages bacterial growth?

low pH and low pH of skin

what does low pH and low pH of skin do?

discourage bacterial growth

where's the lacrimal apparatus?

eye

\_____dilutes all bacteria and normal flora

saliva

\______ forms protective film over surface of skin, and fatty acids in it lower the pH of the skin

sebum

\____ is food for normal flora

oil in skin

\_____ is enzyme that breaks down gram positive cell wall and somewhat effective against gram-negatives

lysozyme

what do sweat glands contain?

lysozyme

all bodily liquid contains \_____

lysozyme

what can lysozyme break down?

Gram-positive cell wall (somewhat effective against Gram-negatives)

give location of lysozyme

tears, saliva, nasal secretions and tissue fluids

chemical factors od skin/mucous consist of \_______

sebum.
perspiration.
gastric juice.

What's "Cell Eating"?

phagocytosis

\______ consists of white blood cells

leukocytes

what does leukocytes contain?

white blood cells

\_____ changes detected by differential white blood cell count

leukocytes

name the categories of leukocytes

granulocytes.
monocytes.
lymphocytes.

what is T cell and B cell?

leukocytes and lymphocytes

leukocytes are \_____

T cell and B cell

lymphocytes are \______

T cell and B cell

\______ enlarges and becomes macrophages

monocytes

\_____ is most important cell in body for phagocytosis

macrophages

\________ migrate to site of infection

granulocytes and monocytes

name the 2 type of macrophages

wandering and fixed

\________ leave the blood and migrate

wnadering macrophages

\_______ are in vital organs (liver and brain) and certain tissue

fixed macrophages

\_____ are in our body's circulation

wandering macrophages

\______ isn't there yet

wandering macrophages

\_______ is already there

fixed macrophages

the minute you have contamination in lung, \______ will eat them

fixed macrophages

\______ are not in muscles, since theyre not vital organs

fixed macrophages

when do granulocytes dominate?

initial phase of bacterial infection

what happens later when granulocytes dominate?

macrophages become dominant as infection progresses

\________ dominate in the initial phase of a bacterial infection

granulocytes

what dominates first in initial phase of bacterial infection?

granulocytes

what dominates later?

macrophages

name main phases of mechanisms of phagocytosis

chemotaxis.
adherence.
ingestion.
digestion.

\_______ is a chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms

chemotaxis

what phase releases chemicals and calls for help?

chemotaxis

\______ is the attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism

adherence

lysosome means...

1 organ (trashcan)

\____ is the engulfment by pseudopods, produces phagosome

ingestion

what are phagocytes engulfed by?

pseudopods

what phase involves the engulfment by pseudopods and procudes phagosome?

ingestion

during ingestion of phagocytosis, what is produced?

phagosome

in chemotaxis, it involves chemical attraction of phagocytes to \_____?

microorganisms

what phase involves "phagosome fusing with lysosome to form a phagolysosome"?

digestion

what enzymes are in lysosomes?

lipidase. carboyhydrase. nucleiase. proteinase.

what's know as the "trashcan of body?"

lysosome

what kind of pH are digestive enzymes activated?

low pH (abt 4)

what "is the phagolysome?"

residual body

\_______ contains the remaining undigestible material after digestion, which is then excreted

residual body

give function of lysosome

digests bacteria (not eati)

what is the 1st chemical that's released?

histamine

what produces histamine?

basophils

what does phagocytosis?

neutrophils

In \_____, it is toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis

eosinophils

in \_______, phagocytic as mature macrophages

monocytes

\______ in lungs, liver, and bronchi

fixed macrophages

Where are fixed macrophages found?

lungs, liver, and bronchi

\____ travel tissues

wandering macrophages

\______ are involved in specific immunity

lymphocytes

After phagocytosis, i have \______

inflammation

\_______ is any injury to any tissue

inflammation

\______ is a defensive response triggered by damage to bod tissue

inflammation

function of \______ include:
- destroy infectious agent and remove it and its products from the body.
- to repair or replace tissue damaged by the agent or its products.

inflammation