AP WORLD UNIT 7

Crimean War

Crimean War

Russia’s first war major war loss with the Ottoman Empire due to France and Britain getting involved.

Bolsheviks

The people who replaced Tzar Nicholas II under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin.

Bloody Sunday and 1905 Revolution

Peaceful protesters were gunned down by Tsar Nicholas’s police. This resulted in a revolution where workers striked leading to the fall of the Russian Empire.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese leader who overthrew the Qing Dynasty making Republic of China. He outlined his wishes to fuse confucianism and Confucian Principles in his book The Three People’s Principles - Democracy (country should be controlled by Chinese experts), Nationalism, and livelihood(make wealth balanced in society).

Causes of Qing Collapse

Internal - Taiping Rebellion, Manchu Minority over Han Minority, Taxes too low for public service funding, lack of food with dangers of famines, failure of the Self strengthening movement.

External - Opium Wars, Spheres of Influence, Boxer Rebellion being crushed, Treaty of Nanking.

Young Turks

Reformers who overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid and embarked on Turkification - Making all people in the empire identify with Turkish culture. When people like Christians in the empire didn’t want to, Young Turks persecuted them.

Ataturk

During WWI, Ottomans sided with Germany due to animosity with other nations for inhibiting spheres of influence there. Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) was a leader in this and became the first “president” (more of a dictator) of Turkey after. He westernized the country to make it secular establishing education and suffrage for women

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican Dictator who was overthrown due to his acceptance of US aid and the landlessness of peasants due to a wealth imbalance

Francisco Madero

Opposing candidate for president jailed by dictator Diaz. Later escaped setting up revolutionary offices in El Paso and sparked Mexican Revolution.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary Leader who redistributed land to landless peasants in Spanish Revolution

Two Political changes from Mexican Revolution

Spanish Revolution resulted in a new constitution outlining land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education.

Institutional Revolutionary Party was formed in 1929

Gavrilo Princip

Person who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and member of the Black Hand

Pan-Slavism

The State-sponsored belief that all Slavic peoples should be unified over one large state called the “Greater Serbia”, Justified Black Hand assassination

Militarism

When a state focused on building their military strength. Allowed citizens to think that it was just a competition to see who could make more guns as a side effect of industrialization

Triple Entente

Allied forces of France, Russia, and Britain

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Later became the Central Powers when Ottoman empire joined

Franco-Prussian War

Imperialistic conflict where Germany beat France when fighting over Alsace and Lorraine. This contributed to the dominoa effect in WWI

Conscription

Draft style enlistment in the armed forces. Wasn’t used by Britain in WWI with Pals Battalions being used instead (groups of people who already knew each other were enlisted as a group)

Dreadnoughts

Form of heavily armed ships used in WWI mass manufactured by both British and German powers in a competitive industrial banter

Zimmermann Telegram

German Telegram to Mexico intercepted by the US offering Mexico to get territory lost territory back if they joined Germany. This finally pushed US to enter the war

Lusitania

Ship holding US citizens sinked by a German U-Boat. Greatly increased tensions between Germany and US

Total War

Entire Nations’ populations and militaries were pitted against each other in warfare. A victory meant the entire crushing of a population

Japan’s entrance into the war

Japan entered on the Allies side to take German Colonies in Southeast Asia

Gallipoli

A war fought by primarily Allied powers and used soldiers from colonies to try to end Ottomans. Resulted in massive Allied losses without much to show.

Women’s role in war

While they stayed on the home front mostly, they were granted more economic freedom due to take men’s jobs due to them being at war.

Paris Peace Conference

Conference held by victorious countries at the end of the war dividing territories (Russia wasn’t included because of Bolsheviks)

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s preposition at the Paris Peace Conference pushing for the League of Nations to develop (Which US didn’t join), being against Treaty of Versailles, and advocating self-determination in nations with disputed territory (Which occurred).

League of Nations

Formed after WWI to prevent future crisis, but didn’t have any real tangible power. Also never had Soviet Union or US join.

Treaty of Versailles

A harsh peace treaty with Germany following WWI forcing them to pay massive reparations and placing entire blame for the war on Germany. Made easy adoption of Nazism later.

1929 Stock Crash

This was a stock crash in America which started the Great Depression making US stop giving loans to Germany.

John Maynard Keynes

Rejected Laissez Faire economy instead arguing that governments should be involved in their economies in major crises. Suggested Deficit Spending (spending more than the government takes in) to balance Depression debt.

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt employed Keynesian Deficit spending in this policy. This policy provided relief for poor citizens. Later Roosevelt reversed this policy because there was too much of a deficit, but it worked temporarily.

Russian Civil War

Lenin and Bolsheviks couldn’t deliver on their promises of peace, land, and bread (specifically bread) so lots of Russians revolted against the Russian Government’s Actions. Resulted in the New Economic Plan.

New Economic Plan

Policy made by Lenin to quell the rebellion. Allowed trade and allowed farmers to sell their food at a small scale instead of total communism. Ended when Lenin died.

First Five-Year Plan

Made by Stalin and tried to make USSR an industrial power. collectivized agriculture by taking land from private owners and given to groups of peasants to manage. Collectivized agriculture ultimately failed.

Kolkhoz

Groups of Peasants in Russia’s first Five-Year Plan who collectively worked to farm a piece of land. They were forced by this plan’s quotas to work extensive hours.

Gulags

Punishing work camps where Putin sent his political opponents to centralize power

Institutional Revolutionary Party

Mexican political party developed after the Mexico Revolution. Under the rule of Lazaro Cardenas they were able to expand Mexico’s economy by nationalizing oil industry.

Fascism

ideology based on corporatism where each sector of the economy was seen as organs in a body with each organ doing its own function for the benefit of the body. This created justification for the totalitarian state where the government controlled all aspects of a society.

Hypernationalism

The belief that one’s nation is superior over all others. Used by Brazil

Getúlio Vargas

President of Brazil who industrialized the State and imposed fascist government displayed in his Estado Novo program outlining censorship, abolition of political parties, and hyper-nationalism. Ended because Brazil people saw hypocrisy in fighting against fascism while supporting it at home.

Self-Determinism on colonies

Colonies in Africa and Asia thought that Self-Determinism would apply to them, but it only occurred in white European countries. This further increased anti colonial fervor though.

Mandate System

Arabian nations were promised independence if they fought with the Ottomans. This didn’t happen though and instead this system was developed to make a new form of colonization. This blatant lie encouraged Pan-Arabism.

Balfour Declaration

Claimed that Palestine would become a home for Jews despite conflicting with a promise to Arab states.

Mohandas Gandhi

Embarked on a movement to peacefully protest British Colonization. An example is the Salt March where Indians picked up grains of salt from the Arabian Ocean to protest Britain’s monopoly on salt.

May Fourth Movement

Chinese anti-Japanese movement initiated due to Paris Peace Conference not giving them old territories. Also resulted in distrust of European Practices and caused them to lean towards Marxist approach.

Chiang Kai-Shek vs Mao Zedong

Chiang attacked Mao’s forces, after Mao did the Long March. to northern China. Their March got Peasant support while Chiang got negative press for suppressing free speech censoring political rivals.

Manchukuo

Japan invaded Manchuria in northern China and bombed a railroad heightening tensions. China stopped the civil war temporarily and established this state. From here they performed the Rape of Nanking and other atrocities

Nuremberg Laws

Hitler’s anti-Jewish laws which defined Judaism as a race rather than a religion and stripped Jews of citizenship

Appeasement

Britain attempted to appease Germany’s military aggressions by gifting them land if they didn’t continue attacking. Germany took and and didn’t stop with more territory taken. Shown best by Munich conference

Hitler’s alliences

Anschluss was an alliance with Austria-Hungary partially forced while German Soviet Nonaggression Pact was with the Soviets. Hitler eventually turned on the latter.

Blitzkrieg

Form of “lightning war” used by Germany to quickly take territories in quick bursts. Used in Poland

Atlantic Charter

Document Between Britain and US setting down goals for a post-war world. Preached self-determination and international cooperation

Battle of Stalingrad

Battle between Germany and Russia which turned the tide against the Nazis

Lost Generation

American and European Writers shortly after World War I, writing reflected a lack of nationalism.

Armistice Day

Day when Germany was forced to surrender

Armenian Genocide

Genocide in Turkey where Young Turks killed Christian Armenians

Rwandan Genocide

Caused by tribal conflicts concerning Belgian Colonizers treating Minority Tutsis better than the Majority Hutus. When Hutus were elected in government, they persecuted Tutsis who responded by making a rebel army. When the Hutu president was killed, it sparked a conflict and warfare broke out which was unmoderated by UN.

Sudan Genocide

Caused because of Arab Government. Non-Arab farmers rose up against the government, but government released Janjaweed (Arab Militants) against defectors.