human anatomy - final exam

examples of long bones

examples of long bones

radius

femur

ulna

examples of irregular bones

vertebrae

facial bones

example of sesamoid bone

patella

parts of the long bone

epiphysis

diaphysis

epiphyseal line

epiphyseal plate

function of epiphyseal plate

divides epiphysis and diaphysis, when growth of an adult stops it is replaced with epiphyseal line

what are the false ribs

8, 9, 10

what are the true ribs

1 - 7

what are the floating ribs

11, 12

osteoblast

immature bone cell

osteoclast

cell that destroys osteoblasts

basic structure of a compact bone is called:

osteon

periosteum

covering of long bones

what attaches bone to bone

ligamnet

what attaches muscle to bone

tendon

different types of joints

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

fibrous joint

does not move

cartilaginous joint

slightly moves

synovial joint

moves well (maximum movement)

what synovial joint has maximum movement

ball ad socket

main function of the flat bone

protects internal organs

place for muscle attachment

Ex: skull bones

longest bone in the foot

calcaneus

long bones in the arm

humerus

radius

ulna

hyelim

place where the vein, artery, ureter enter or leave the kidney

humerus

top part of arm

radius

lower part of the arm

lateral

ulnar

other bone in the middle of arm

medial

bones in the hand

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

thigh bone called

Femur

two bones in lower leg

tibia

fibula

which lower leg bone bears most weight

tibia

bones in foot

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

pelvic girdle bones: 3

ilium

ischium

pubis

medial and lateral epicondyle (in the knee) is formed by

femur

medial and lateral malleolus (in the foot near the ankle) formed by

tibia

fibula

primary sex organ (female)

ovary

ovary

produces female gamete called the eggs

female gamete

eggs

secondary sex organs (female)

uterus

vagina

cervix

fallopian tubes

breast

parts of the fallopian tubes (4 parts) - from lateral to medial

fimbriae

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

where does fertilization take place

ampulla

phases of ovulation cycle - FOLM

follicular phase

ovulation

luteal phase

menstruation

what does corpus luteum secrete

progesterone

what does ovarian follicle produce

estrogen

primary sex organ (male)

testes

male gamete

sperm

where is the sperm produced

semenifurious tubules

sertoli cells function

support sperm by giving nutrients

leydig cells function

produce hormone called testosterone

where does sperm mature

epididymis

all located in the testes

seminifurous tubules (sertoli cells here)

sertoli cells

leydig cells

epididymis

glands that help in formation of semen

seminal vesicle

prostate gland

bulbourethral (cowpers) gland

what is the master gland

pituitary gland

main gland that controls all other organs/hormones in the body)

pituitary gland parts

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

hormones in the anterior pituitary

GH

TSH

ACTH

Prolactin

LH

FSH

LH & FSH together known as

gonadotropins

GH hormone (somatotropin)

growth hormone

promotes protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth

TSH hormone (thyrotropin)

thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid to secrete its hormones

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulate adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

prolactin

stimulates milk production in females

LH (luteinizing hormone or Gonadotrophins )

main hormone for secretion of estrogen, progesterone in females

the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males

for ovulation

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

used for stimulating follices

stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females

stimulates sperm in the testes of males

hormones in the posterior pituitary

oxytocin

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

contracting uterus in birth

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and triggers the release of breast milk during lactation

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin)

acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration

water reabsorption by the kidneys so it prevents dehydration

thyroid gland produces

calcitonin (triggers the deposition of calcium in the bone)

T3 (triiodothyronine)

T4 (thyroxine)

parathyroid gland produces

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

calcitonin secreted by thyroid gland - increases?

increases bone absorption of calcium

reduces calcium levels in the blood

PTH (parathyroid hormone) - function (increase, decrease)

increases bone reabsorption

increases calcium levels in blood

decreases phosphorous levels in the blood

pineal gland

Produces melatonin

needed for sleep

adrenal medulla hormones

epinephrine

norepinephrine

fight or flight hormones

adrenal cortex hormones

aldosterone - maintains blood volume

cortisol - increases carbohydrates and protein metabolism

sex steroids - androgen, estrogen, testosterone

adrenal glands - two parts

located on top of each kidney

adrenal medulla (inner portion)

adrenal cortex (outer portion)

pancreas - has both endocrine & exocrine functions

endocrine function: produces hormones

exocrine function: produces enzymes

endocrine function - in pancreas

hormones of pancreas produced by Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)

Contain three types of cells: alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells

alpha cells of islet of langerhan: produce glucagon

beta cells of islet of langerhans: produce insulin

alpha cells secrete glucagon - function

stimulates the liver to start gluconeogenesis, releasing glucose into the bloodstream between meals

Beta cells secrete insulin - function

stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids after eating

what maintains blood sugar level

Alpha cells – glucagon

beta cells – insulin

Delta cells secrete somatostatin - function

inhibits the release of both glucagon and insulin when not needed, as well as the release of growth hormone

pancreas cells that secrete hormones are called

islets of langerhans

pancreas cells that produce digestive enzymes are called

acinar cells

parts of upper respiratory tract (outside thoracic cavity)

nasal cavity

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

parts of the lower respiratory tract (inside thoracic cavity)

Trachea

Lungs

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli sacs

alveoli ducts

diaphragm

function of nasal cavity

cilia helps retract pathogen

air gets warmed and moistened

structures of nasal cavity

nasal septum

conchae

cilia

oropharynx

main tonsils called palatine tonsils

adenoid

pharyngeal tonsils

Epiglottis

covers the glottis

the epiglottis is a flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx.

trachea has

c shaped cartilage

they help the trachea but also allow it to move and flex

bronchial tree (primary - secondary)

Trachea branches into the primary (right and left bronchi) at the carina

Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi that go to each lobe of the lung

Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi

Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles

Bronchioles divide to form alveolar ducts

Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs

alveoli sacs - alveoli ducts

where exchange of gases take place

surfactants

prevents collapsing of alveolar sacs

how many lobes are there in the right lung

3 lobes

how many lobes are there in the left lung

2 lobes

diaphragm

where the apex and base of lung rest

layers of the lungs

visceral

parietal pleura

pleura cavity

contains the serous fluid

between the visceral and parietal pleura

external intercostal muscle and diaphragm

important for inspiration

expirtaion

occurs by recoil of muscles

tracheostomy

hole made in trachea

bronchoscopy

a procedure to look directly inside the airways and lungs using a tool called the bronchoscope