CHN3 FINALS- DEMOGRAPHY

DEMOGRAPHY

is the science of vital and social statistics like marriages, birth, deaths of the population

DEMOGRAPHY

It is also the statistical study of the population specifically with reference to size, density and population

JOHN GRANT

The word ETYMOLOGY was coined by

1. FERTILITY

2. MORTALITY

3. MARRIAGE

4. MIGRATION

5. SOCIAL MOBILITY

5 demographic processes

size

the number of units (inhabitants) in the population

distribution

the arrangement of the population at a given time, geographically or among various types of residential areas

structure

the distribution of characteristics such as age, gender, groups etc, among the population

change

the increase or decrease of the total population or the one of it’s structural units.

narrow scope

• population is constantly changing over time.

• components of change in a population are births, deaths, and migration

• the natural change or demographic reproduction

broader scope

• it includes migration, it means the movement of  people from place toplace.

• migration has great influence on population change.

1. high stationary

2. early expanding

3. late expanding

4. low stationary

5. declining

5 demography cycle

1. rate

2. ratio

3. proportion

what are the tools of measurement

rate

measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time

rate

is the statement of the risk of developing a condition

calendar year

what is the time dimension

ratio

expresses a relation in a size between two random quantities

proportion

a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part of the whole

proportion

it is expressed in percentage

demographic date

analysis patterns and trends related to human religion, nationality, education and ethnicity

1. population

2. population density

3. source of power

4. communication services

5. land use

what are the demographic features

population

Number of males, females, and households

population density

number of persons per hectare

communication services

media facilities like TV, radio, newspapers, and other telecommunication facilities like telephone services

land use

categorized as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, special, exempt, and the area involved

1. road works

2. transportation

3. water use

what are the physical infrastructure?

road works

types (concrete, asphalt, gravel, earth fill), and length of roads and presence of farm-to-market roads

transportation

jeepneys, tricycles, buses, etc.

water use

sources such as batis, deep well, chlorinated water supply

1. health status

2. health facilities and services

3. toilet facilities

4. garbage collection and disposal

5. education

what are the social features?

statistics

refers to a systematic approach of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing numerical facts so that conclusions may be drawn from them.

vital statistics

• refers to the systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorce, separation, and deaths.

vital statistics system

It is the total process of:

(a) Collecting by registration, enumeration, or indirect estimation of information on the frequency of occurrence of certain vital events, as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and of the person(s) concerned, and

(b) Compiling, analyzing, evaluating, presenting, and disseminating those data in statistical form.

health indicators

• A list of information which would determine the health of a particular community.

• Information that helps anybody in describing or maintaining surveillance over the health status of the people or population.

• Serve as a basis for developing, implementing, and evaluating public health programs and intervention strategies.

1. marriage

2. morbidity

3. mortality

4. migration or social mobility

5. life expectancy

what are the different health indicators

fertility/birth

Bearing or coming into being of a new spring

morbidity

Refers to being sick or diseased, injuries and disabilities in a population

migration or social mobility

Act of transfer of a person/s from one locality to another

life expectancy

• It is the average number of years that a person lives.

• The number of years a person expects to live based on statistical averages.

mortality or fatality

Cessation of physical and chemical processes that occur in all living things, of people.

rate

• Shows the relationship between a vital event and those persons exposed to the occurrences of said event, within a given area and during a specified unit of time.

• It is evident that the person experiencing the event must come from the total population exposed to the risk of the same event.

crude or general rates

• Referred to the total living population.

• It must be presumed that the total population was exposed to the risk of the occurrence of the event.

specific rates

• The relationship is for a specific population class or group. I

• it limits the occurrence of the event to the portion of the population definitely exposed to it.

crude birth rate

• A measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population.

vital statistics

derived from civil registration are useful for local and national authorities specifically for planning of human, social, and economic development.

birth and death registers

derived from civil registration records serve the following purposes:

• As input for population estimation/projection for future planning

• As basis for forecasting requirements for food, housing, medical facilities, education, and other needs of the population

• To carry out policy-making at local levels for planning health, education services, housing, etc.

• To address health inequities from communicable disease, chronic disease, and injuries

vital and heath statistics

Used as indicators of the health status for a group or whole community.

statistics of disease or death

indicate the state of health of a community and show how successful or unsuccessful its health services are.

rural health unit

are responsible for collecting and reporting vital statistics such as births, deaths, and reportable diseases.

office of local civil registrar

Registration and correction of errors in names, dates, etc., are done in the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) (formerly NSO).

Statistics on population characteristics (age, sex, distribution) can be obtained from the

RA 3753 (CIVIL REGISTRY LAW)

Registration of births and deaths to local registrars (city health officer or municipal treasurer).

BIRTH CERTIFICATE

• Source of vital information and legal proof of identity.

• Can be used for the following purposes:

  • Proves facts of birth and parentage for tracing ancestry.

  • Establishes identity for inheritance and legal rights.

  • Establishes age for privileges (school, voting, marriage, driver’s license, pension, etc.).

  • Determines citizenship (place of birth) for passport and immigration purposes.

DEATH CERTIFICATE

• Prerequisite for burial in the Philippines.

• Provides legal evidence in claims of inheritance, pensions, insurance benefits, and settlement of estates.

• Exempts heirs from specific taxes at a certain date.

• Establishes a widow’s right to remarry.

• Indicates existing infectious diseases or epidemics that require control measures.

• Serves as a basis for designing public safety programs and disease prevention strategies.

1. de jure

2. de facto

2 Ways of Assigning People During Census

DE JURE

People are assigned according to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are during the time of census.

DE FACTO

People are assigned to where they are physically present during the time of census regardless of where they usually live.

RA 3573 (Law on the Reporting of Notifiable Diseases)

Based on ______________ such as dengue, rabies, leptospirosis, and HIV/AIDS to local and national authorities.

MEASLES OR POLIO

Report within 24 hours

tetanus neonatorum, severe acute diarrhea, HIV/AIDS.

Report within a week

POPULATION CENSUS

Used for accurate estimation of population size and structure.

• Signed by the birth attendant (midwife, nurse, doctor, or even student nurse).

• Must be filed within 30 days.

when the birth certificate should be signed?

• Signed by a physician only.

• If a physician is unavailable, the mayor may sign the death certificate but not the cause of death.

• Must be filed within 48 hours from the occurrence of death.

• Stillbirth: Recorded under the death certificate (declared as born dead and must be buried).

• Abortion: Inclusion depends on parents' decision.

when the death certificate should be signed?

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856

Code of Sanitation of the Philippines (Approved on December 23, 1975)

The Burial of Remains

1. simple bar chart

2. component bar chart

3. histogram

types of bar charts?

SIMPLE CHART

• chart represents observations proportional to the magnitude

• can be vertical or horizontal

component char

• chart the represents many components

• can be vertical or horizontal

histogram

• pictorial diagram that consists of a series of blocks

• The midpoint is joined, then a line with fluctuation is seen

• The frequency polygon is obtained by joining the midpoints

line diagram

show the trend of events occurring over a passage of time in continuation such as rise or fall over a period of 5 years.

pie charts

• are diagrammatically represented in circle with the radius.

pictogram

small pictures or symbols are used to present the data.

statistical map

• map that is used to present the data of different sizes

• presented in the form of maps or dot maps

scattered diagram

diagram used to indicate the relationship of two variables

statistical averages

refers to the values in distribution, around which other values are distributed such as mean, median or mode

Birth / Natality / Fertility Rates

• These measure the number of times that a birth could occur within a period of time in a given community.

• They show the frequency of births (fertility) within a specific population for a given time and place.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

• A rough measure of fertility or occurrence of birth within a period of time in a given community.

• Measures the natural increase of population.

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

• The number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15–49 years in a given year.

• It is a more refined measure than the crude birth rate since it relates births to women of reproductive age.

Morbidity Rates

These measure the frequency of illnesses or diseases in a specific population.

Incidence Rate (IR) or Sickness/Infection

Measures the frequency of new cases of a disease during a specified period.

Prevalence Rate (PR)

Measures the proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a given time — includes new and old cases.

Attack Rate (AR)

A more accurate measure of the risk of exposure to a disease during an outbreak.

Mortality / Fatality / Death Rates

Measure the frequency of deaths within a given population and time.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Roughly measures the decrease of population due to deaths from all causes.

Proportionate Mortality Rate (PMR)

Shows the relationship between deaths from a specific cause or age group and the total number of deaths from all causes.

Swaroop’s Index (SI)

• Measures the proportion of deaths aged 50 years and above among all deaths.

• Used as an indicator of the longevity and general health of a population.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

• Measures the risk of a woman dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium.

• It reflects the quality and accessibility of obstetrical and maternal health care in a community.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• Measures the risk of dying during the first year of life.

• It is a key indicator of the overall health condition of a community, reflecting environmental, nutritional, and health service factors.

Fetal Death Rate (FDR)

Measures pregnancy wastage, or the death of a fetus before complete expulsion from the mother, regardless of gestational age.

Neonatal Death Rate (NDR)

• Measures the risk of dying during the first 28 days of life.

• It serves as an index of the effects of prenatal care and obstetrical management on the newborn.

1. Collects data

2. Tabulates data

3. Analyzes and interprets data

4. Evaluates data accuracy and meaning

5. Recommends improvements or strengthening of health programs based on data findings

Functions of a Health Professional in Vital Health Statistics