ANAPHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

respiratory system consists of the structures used in what

acquiring O2 and removing CO2 from the blood

CO2

by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood

External nose

encloses the chamber for air inspiration

Nasal Cavity

a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air

Pharynx

AKA Throat

Pharynx

serves as a shared passageway for food and air

Larynx

voice box

Trachea

AKA Windpipe

Trachea

air-cleaning tube to funnel inspired air to each lung

Bronchi

tubes that direct air into the lungs

Lungs

labyrinths of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs and capillaries

Alveoli

air sacs where the gas exchange between the air and the blood happen

Nose to the larynx

upper respiratory tract

trachea through the alveoli in the lungs

lower respiratory tract

conducting zone

nose to the air tubes within the lungs used strictly for ventilation

respiratory zone

small air tubes in the lungs and the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

1. Ventilation
2. External Respiration
3. Gas Transport
4. Internal Respiration

Functions of the Respiratory System

External Respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the lungs and the blood

Internal Respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

enzyme produced by the lungs to regulate blood pressure

Olfaction

sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

Protection

provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces

1. External Nose
2. Nasal Cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Larynx

Upper respiratory tract

External nose

composed mainly of hyaline cartilage

Nasal Cavity

nares (nostrils) to choana (opening to pharynx)

Hard palate

roof of nasal cavity

Nasal septum

divides nasal cavity into half

Paranasal sinuses

air filled spaces within bone; open into nasal cavity; lined with mucous

Conchae

bony projections on each side of nasal cavity; increase surface area of nasal cavity; help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air

Nasolacrimal ducts

carry tears from eyes; open into nasal cavity

1. Serves as a passageway for air
2. Cleans the air
3. Humidifies and warms the air
4. Contains the olfactory epithelium
5. Helps determine voice sound

Functions of the Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems

Nasopharynx

takes in air

Oropharynx

extends from uvula to epiglottis; takes in food, drink, and air

Laryngopharynx

extends from epiglottis to esophagus; food and drink pass through

Uvula

“little grape”; extension of soft palate

Pharyngeal tonsil

aids in defending against infections

Larynx

located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea

9 cartilages

how many cartilages does larynx have

Thyroid cartilage

largest piece of cartilage; AKA Adam’s apple

Epiglottis

piece of cartilage; flap that prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx

vestibular folds

false vocal cords

vocal folds

source of voice production; air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is produced; force of air determine loudness; tension determines pitch

1. Trachea
2. Bronchi
3. Tracheobronchial Tree in lungs
4. Alveoli

Lower respiratory tract

Trachea

consists of 16-20 C-Shaped pieces of cartilage called tracheal rings

Coughing

how to dislodge materials from trachea

Bronchi

divides into right and left main bronchi

Carina

where bronchi is divided

1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar bronchi
3. Segmental bronchi
4. Bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveoli

Tracheobronchial tree

Bronchodilation

smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger

Bronchoconstriction

smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller

Asthma attack

contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to reduced air flow

Alveoli

sites of external respiration

Respiratory bronchioles

have a few attached alveoli

Alveolar ducts

arise from the respiratory bronchioles and open into alveoli

Respiratory Membrane

in lungs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs; formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries

1. thin layer of fluid from alveolus
2. alveolar epithelium (simple squamous)
3. basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
4. thin interstitial space
5. basement membrane of capillary endothelium
6. capillary endothelium (simple squamous)

layers of respiratory membrane

1. Thoracic vertebrae
2. Ribs
3. Costal Cartilages
4. Sternum
5. Associated muscles

Thoracic wall consists of:

Thoracic cavity

space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm

Diaphragm

sheet of skeletal muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Lungs

primary organ of respiration

Diaphragm

where do the lungs’ base rests

above the clavicle

where do the lungs’ apex extends

3 lobes

lobes in the right lung

2 lobes

lobes in the left lung

Superficial Lymphatic vessels

drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura

Deep lymphatic vessels

drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues

Pleural cavity

space around each lung

Pleura

double-layered membrane around lungs

Parietal pleura

membrane that lines thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura

membrane that covers lung’s surface

Ventilation

breathing; process of moving air in and out of the lungs

1. Actions of the muscles of respiration
2. Air pressure gradients

2 Aspects of Ventilation

Muscles of Inspiration

increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles

what are the muscles of inspiration

Muscles of Expiration

decrease thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and sternum

internal intercostals, transverse thoracis, abdominal muscles

what are the muscles of expiration

Quiet breathing

expiration is a passive process due to elastic tissue in the thorax wall and the lungs

Labored inspiration

more air moves into the lungs because all of the inspiratory muscles are active

Labored expiration

more air moves out of the lungs due to the forceful contraction of the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles

the air pressure decreases

When the volume of a container increases

air pressure increases

When the volume of a container decreases

Inspiration

diaphragm descends and rib cage expands

Inspiration

thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases

Inspiration

atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

Air moves into alveoli (lungs)

where does air move during inspiration

out of lungs

where does air move during expiration

Expiration

diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils

Expiration

thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases

Expiration

alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Spirometer

device that measures pulmonary volumes

Tidal Volume (TV)

volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration

Residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximal expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer)

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration

Vital Capacity (VC)

maximum amount of air a person can expire after a maximal inspiration

Functional Residual capacity (FRC)

the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Alveolar Ventilation

measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

Dead space

the remaining area where no gas exchange occurs