Psych 255 Exam 1

Philip Aries

-miniature adults

-artifacts from the past suggest children were treated as miniature adults

Jean- Jacques Rousseau(18th)

-inherently good

-children were basically innocent and born inherently good

John Locke(17th)

-Tabula Rasa

-the way parents treated and related to the child was a form of "writing" on their child's slate(neutral, blank slate)

Augustine(16th)

-original sin

-children were born naturally evil, possessing original sin

Nicolaas Hartsoeker(5th to 15th)

-Preformationism

-fully formed diminutive human(little man)

Pavlov-

-we are conditioned to automatically respond to a stimuli, that was once neutral(classical conditioning)

Thorndike-

-behaviors followed by a reward are more likely in the future than behavior then punishment(skinner)

Bandura-

-people represent/copy the behavior of others

Brofenbrenner's ecological theory

-development reflects on the influence of five environmental systems.

Brofenbrenner theory order

1. Microsystem

2. Mesosystem

3. Exosystem

4. Macrosystem

5. Chronosystem

Microsystem

-setting in where the individual lives and helps to construct.

(family, school, friends)

Mesosystem

-the relations between microsystem or connections between contexts.

(school/home)

Exosystem

-links between social settings in where the individual has a passive role and their immediate contact.

(parents workspace)

Macrosystem

-the culture in which individuals lives.

(hometown/state)

Chronosystem

-the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course.

(something happen when child is young can affect other life events)

Standardized Test

-a test administered and scored utilizing uniform procedures to compare performance across individuals

Case Study

-an in-depth look as a single individual

Correlation Research

-attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.

(social media/mental health)

Experiment

-a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.

Cross- sectional approach

-a research strategy that compares individuals of different ages simultaneously.

(exercise different age groups)

Longitudinal approach

-a research strategy where the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

(tracts babies to adulthood to see how early life factors may influence health)

Sequential Studies

combines longitudinal and cross- sectional elements.

(enroll three separate groups of children split into ages after two years test again)

Ultra Sound

- non-invasive

- high-frequency sound waves

Fetal MRI

- used to obtain more detailed images than ultrasound

Chronic Villus Sampling(CVS)

- tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed

Amniocentesis

- sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders

XYY Syndrome(male)

-above average height

-larger than average teeth

-usually normal puberty

-able to father children

-no special treatment required

-once believed to be highly aggressive

Klinefelter syndrome(male)

-extra X chromosome

-XXY pattern most common

-affected boys look normal, but have underdeveloped testes

-both male and female changes at puberty

-typically infertile, < sperm production

Fragile X syndrome(both)

-abnormality in the x- chromosome

-can cause MR, LD, short attention span

-long face, prominent ears, high arched palate, soft skin

Turner syndrome(female)

-X chromosome missing

-without medicine will not menstruate or develop breast at puberty

-can't have children

Germinal Period

-first two weeks after conception

-cell division

creation of the fertilized egg(zygote)

-attachment of zygote to uterine wall

Embryonic Period

- two to eight weeks after conception

- blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

- body parts develop from endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

- organ formation

Fetal Period

- 2 months after conception until birth

-growth and finishing phase

endoderm

- inner layers cells that develops into digestive and respiratory

mesoderm

- middle layer

- B-MERC

bone, muscle, excretory system, reproductive system, circulatory system

ectoderm

- outmost layer of cells, nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts

amino sac

- bag containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

umbilical cord

- containing two arteries and one vein and connects the baby to the placenta

placenta

- consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

- 8 in wide and 1 in thick

nuchal cord

- umbilical cord around the neck

By the 4th week(1 month)

-placenta fully developed

-heart beat detected by ultrasound

-neural tube appeared

neural tube

- developed in first month

-connects brain and spinal cord

-birth defect(spina bifida, anencephaly)

-folic acid helps prevent defects

3rd month

- sex of baby detected

- facial profile defined

-major organ formation

4th

- 1st fetal movement

5th

- mom "pops"

- eyelashes, eyebrows, hair develops, eyes shut, hears sound

-1 lb, 1 ft

6th

- age of viability eyes open; grip strong

7th

functioning of heart and kidneys

8th

- reverse position; now 6 lb, womb crowded

9th

- "engagement"

-36 weeks momvemen of head into uterus

-cervix being to dilate

teratology

- the field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

teratogen

- any agent that can potentially cause a physic al birth defect or negatively affect cognitive or behavioral outcomes.

teratogens includes

- drugs

- incompatible blood types

-infectious diseases

-nutritional deficiencies

-stress

-alcohol

thalidomide

-used to treat morning sickness

-short flipper like arms

Diethylstilberstrol

- synthetic hormones used to prevent miscarriages

- can cause cancer

maternal nutrition and other factors

- 25 to 35 pounds

- increase calories 10 to 20%

- folic acid

paternal factors

- old age

-smoking

- exposure to environmental hazards

Erikson's Theory

Includes eight stages of human development, each representing a crisis that must be resolved.

trust vs mistrust

first year of infancy

autonomy vs shame and doubt

1 to 3 years

(exploring on own)

initiative vs guilt

3 to 5 years

(over punish)

industry vs inferiority

6 years to puberty

(speaking well/ "I can't")

identity vs identity confusion

10 to 20 years

intimacy vs isolation

20 to 30 years

generatively vs. stagnation

40 to 50

(contribute to next gen)

integrity vs despair

60 to death

(feels good about life)

Freud's theory

five stages of psychosexual development

oral stage

- birth to 1 1/2

- mouth

anal stage

- 1 1/2 to 2

-anus

phallic stage

- 3 to 6

- genitals

latency stage

- 6 to puberty

- represses sexual interest

-develops social and intellectual skills

genital stage

- puberty onward

- sexual awakening

Rh factor incompatibility

- can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn(death to blood cells) if Rhogam is not given) (typically 1st pregnant not affected unless baby blood contact mothers)