Psych 255 Exam 1

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72 Terms

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Philip Aries

-miniature adults

-artifacts from the past suggest children were treated as miniature adults

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Jean- Jacques Rousseau(18th)

-inherently good

-children were basically innocent and born inherently good

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John Locke(17th)

-Tabula Rasa

-the way parents treated and related to the child was a form of "writing" on their child's slate(neutral, blank slate)

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Augustine(16th)

-original sin

-children were born naturally evil, possessing original sin

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Nicolaas Hartsoeker(5th to 15th)

-Preformationism

-fully formed diminutive human(little man)

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Pavlov-

-we are conditioned to automatically respond to a stimuli, that was once neutral(classical conditioning)

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Thorndike-

-behaviors followed by a reward are more likely in the future than behavior then punishment(skinner)

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Bandura-

-people represent/copy the behavior of others

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Brofenbrenner's ecological theory

-development reflects on the influence of five environmental systems.

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Brofenbrenner theory order

1. Microsystem

2. Mesosystem

3. Exosystem

4. Macrosystem

5. Chronosystem

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Microsystem

-setting in where the individual lives and helps to construct.

(family, school, friends)

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Mesosystem

-the relations between microsystem or connections between contexts.

(school/home)

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Exosystem

-links between social settings in where the individual has a passive role and their immediate contact.

(parents workspace)

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Macrosystem

-the culture in which individuals lives.

(hometown/state)

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Chronosystem

-the patterning the environmental events and transitions over the life course.

(something happen when child is young can affect other life events)

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Standardized Test

-a test administered and scored utilizing uniform procedures to compare performance across individuals

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Case Study

-an in-depth look as a single individual

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Correlation Research

-attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.

(social media/mental health)

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Experiment

-a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.

20
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Cross- sectional approach

-a research strategy that compares individuals of different ages simultaneously.

(exercise different age groups)

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Longitudinal approach

-a research strategy where the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

(tracts babies to adulthood to see how early life factors may influence health)

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Sequential Studies

combines longitudinal and cross- sectional elements.

(enroll three separate groups of children split into ages after two years test again)

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Ultra Sound

- non-invasive

- high-frequency sound waves

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Fetal MRI

- used to obtain more detailed images than ultrasound

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Chronic Villus Sampling(CVS)

- tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed

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Amniocentesis

- sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders

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XYY Syndrome(male)

-above average height

-larger than average teeth

-usually normal puberty

-able to father children

-no special treatment required

-once believed to be highly aggressive

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Klinefelter syndrome(male)

-extra X chromosome

-XXY pattern most common

-affected boys look normal, but have underdeveloped testes

-both male and female changes at puberty

-typically infertile, < sperm production

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Fragile X syndrome(both)

-abnormality in the x- chromosome

-can cause MR, LD, short attention span

-long face, prominent ears, high arched palate, soft skin

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Turner syndrome(female)

-X chromosome missing

-without medicine will not menstruate or develop breast at puberty

-can't have children

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Germinal Period

-first two weeks after conception

-cell division

creation of the fertilized egg(zygote)

-attachment of zygote to uterine wall

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Embryonic Period

- two to eight weeks after conception

- blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

- body parts develop from endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

- organ formation

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Fetal Period

- 2 months after conception until birth

-growth and finishing phase

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endoderm

- inner layers cells that develops into digestive and respiratory

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mesoderm

- middle layer

- B-MERC

bone, muscle, excretory system, reproductive system, circulatory system

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ectoderm

- outmost layer of cells, nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts

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amino sac

- bag containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

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umbilical cord

- containing two arteries and one vein and connects the baby to the placenta

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placenta

- consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

- 8 in wide and 1 in thick

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nuchal cord

- umbilical cord around the neck

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By the 4th week(1 month)

-placenta fully developed

-heart beat detected by ultrasound

-neural tube appeared

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neural tube

- developed in first month

-connects brain and spinal cord

-birth defect(spina bifida, anencephaly)

-folic acid helps prevent defects

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3rd month

- sex of baby detected

- facial profile defined

-major organ formation

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4th

- 1st fetal movement

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5th

- mom "pops"

- eyelashes, eyebrows, hair develops, eyes shut, hears sound

-1 lb, 1 ft

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6th

- age of viability eyes open; grip strong

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7th

functioning of heart and kidneys

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8th

- reverse position; now 6 lb, womb crowded

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9th

- "engagement"

-36 weeks momvemen of head into uterus

-cervix being to dilate

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teratology

- the field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

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teratogen

- any agent that can potentially cause a physic al birth defect or negatively affect cognitive or behavioral outcomes.

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teratogens includes

- drugs

- incompatible blood types

-infectious diseases

-nutritional deficiencies

-stress

-alcohol

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thalidomide

-used to treat morning sickness

-short flipper like arms

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Diethylstilberstrol

- synthetic hormones used to prevent miscarriages

- can cause cancer

55
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maternal nutrition and other factors

- 25 to 35 pounds

- increase calories 10 to 20%

- folic acid

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paternal factors

- old age

-smoking

- exposure to environmental hazards

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Erikson's Theory

Includes eight stages of human development, each representing a crisis that must be resolved.

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trust vs mistrust

first year of infancy

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autonomy vs shame and doubt

1 to 3 years

(exploring on own)

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initiative vs guilt

3 to 5 years

(over punish)

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industry vs inferiority

6 years to puberty

(speaking well/ "I can't")

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identity vs identity confusion

10 to 20 years

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intimacy vs isolation

20 to 30 years

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generatively vs. stagnation

40 to 50

(contribute to next gen)

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integrity vs despair

60 to death

(feels good about life)

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Freud's theory

five stages of psychosexual development

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oral stage

- birth to 1 1/2

- mouth

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anal stage

- 1 1/2 to 2

-anus

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phallic stage

- 3 to 6

- genitals

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latency stage

- 6 to puberty

- represses sexual interest

-develops social and intellectual skills

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genital stage

- puberty onward

- sexual awakening

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Rh factor incompatibility

- can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn(death to blood cells) if Rhogam is not given) (typically 1st pregnant not affected unless baby blood contact mothers)