Psych of Gender Studies Exam 1

Sex

Term used to refer to the biological categories of male, female, and intersex

Gender

Term used to refer to the social continuum between male and female

Sexual orientation

Describes who a person is attracted to

Gender expression

The way in which gender identity is demonstrated to the outside world. Can be through appearance, behavior, interests, etc.

Cisgender

Individuals whose gender identity is congruent with their biological sex.

Transgender

Descriptive term referring to an individual whose psychological gender is not congruent with biological sex

Sex-typed

Exhibiting the gender-role characteristics that correspond with one's biological sex

Cross-sex-typed

Exhibiting gender-role characteristics that do not correspond with one's biological sex

Androgynous

Term describing one who incorporates masculine and feminine qualities

Femineity

Traits, behaviors, or interests culturally assigned to the female gender role

Masculinity

Traits, behaviors, or interests culturally assigned to the male gender role

Feminism

The belief that men and women should be treated equally. Not central to definition but central to peoples images

Minimalists

Believe the sexes are fundamentally the same; all differences due to context.

Maximalists

Believe the sexes are fundamentally different

Hypothesis

Prediction that a certain outcome will occur under a specific set of conditions

Data

Information collected for the purposes of scientific examination

Theory

Abstract generalization that provides an explanation for a set of facts

Positive correlation

Levels of both variables increase or decrease at the same time.

Example of positive correlation

Crime rates increase as ice cream sales increase

Negative correlation

Level of one variable increases as the level of the other decreases

Example of negative correlation

As the number of non-potty-trained puppies in my house increases, my quality of sleep decreases

Experimental study

Method in which the investigator manipulates one variable and observes its effect on another variable.

Independent variable

Is the manipulated variable

Dependent variable

Is the variable expected to be influenced by the manipulated variable (effect)

Random assignment/selection

Means each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to a condition.

Internal validity

Confidence that the true cause of the effect is being studied

External validity

The confidence that the results from an experiment generalize to the real world

Transexual

go through the process of crossing over to another gender

Gender dysphoria

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

Traditional gender ideology

\-Men work, Women home

\-Men have more power than women

Transphobia

Is a revulsion and irrational fear of transgendered and transsexual people, crossdressers, and feminine men and masculine women

Biphobia

negative attitudes and feelings toward bisexual people, including intolerance, hatred, and fear

Homophobia

Negative attitudes towards LGB+

Role strain

tension among the roles connected to a single status

Backlash effect

When people display counter stereotypical behavior, they may be penalized.

Hostile Sexism

Negative attitudes towards individuals who violate traditional gender stereotypes. Feelings of hostility toward a particular gender (Negative attitudes toward a particular gender)

Benevolent sexism

Reflects positive feelings toward women, including a pro social orientation toward women (the desire to help women because she is a woman and in need of help)

Describe an attitude

A feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this.

Which components are represented by discrimination?

Behavior. Sex discrimination -behavior based on gender "a club that only offers free entrance only to women."

Which components are represented by sexism ?

Affect. Sexism- people's feelings toward gender. "Im disgusted by male kindergarten teachers

Which components are represented by stereotypes?

Cognition. Gender role stereotype- beliefs about gender. "Men who spend time with kids other than their own are probably pedophiles"

Benevolent sexism

Holding a door open for a woman and not a man is an example of

Positive

If increased levels of testosterone lead to increased levels of aggression, this is a ———— correlation

Transphobia; homophobia

—— has decreased less than ———— recently

Backlash effects

Social and economic penalties experienced in response to violating gender stereotypes

\-Ex. Women in leadership role acts traditionally masculine, she's more likely to be criticized and seen as unlikeable

Describe a correlation and be able to explain positive versus negative correlation

____ study: observe relation between two variables, often at a single point in time. Value of a ____ can range from -1 to +1. Strive for random selection or random sampling of participants. Caution when generalizing findings. Can either be a positive correlation or negative correlation.

\-positive Example: ice cream sales go up in the summer and so does murder

\-Negative example: I have an increasing amount of non potty trained puppies but my sleep has decreased because of this

How could you change a stereotype?

Say one gender is associated with one particular thing. For example, women are largely associated with the idea of cleanliness. We have a variety of body washes, exfoliants, skin care products, and sponges. However, the more that someone who does not fit into the social construction of a women uses these products, the more they will also be associated with cleanliness. Like men who actually clean between their butt cheeks when showering.

How has gender research changed over time?

Because sex/gender cannot really be manipulated or randomly assigned, studies regarding this cannot truly be called experiments. Most of the research pertaining sex and gender is correlational. The first studies were about intelligence levels of the sexes. Then they studied personality traits of the sexes. The most recent research has been about gender as a social category. This research touches on gender roles and social constructionism. Researchers have also been studying culture and how that ties into gender roles and gender presentation.

Know and be able to describe the types of experimental design.

\-correlational study: observe relation between two variables, often at a single point in time. Value of a correlation can range from -1 to +1. Strive for random selection or random sampling of participants. Caution when generalizing findings. Can either be a positive correlation or negative correlation.

\-experimental study: method in which the investigator manipulates one variable and observed its effect on another variable. Independent variable is the manipulated variable. Dependent variable is the variable expected to be influenced by the manipulated variable.random assignment means each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to a condition

\-cross sectional design: single time point

\-Longitudinal design: multiple time points. Helps to distinguish age effects from cohort effects. Cohort- examine large groups of people who range in age. Age- follow one age group over time (can cause age effects).

\-field experiment: experiments in which the investigation is taken into the environment where the behavior to be studied naturally occurs. (Sending resumes to real world companies)

\-meta Analysis: Statistical tool that synthesizes the results of multiple studies