Marieb Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6 Test Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Paget's Disease

excessive and haphazard bone deposit and reabsorption;

Treatment includes calcitonin bihosphonats; high ratio of spony bone compared to compact bone, usually a localized disease process

Osteoporosis

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal;

the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones;

from a lack of calcium

Osteomalacia

Bone is formed poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms and is painful on weight bearing;

Rickets in adults; abnormal softening of bones caused by deficiencies of phosphorus or calcium or vitamin D;

Greenstick

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts; common in children whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than those of adultsf

Comminuted

Bone fragments into many pieces

Spiral

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

osteoblasts

cells that can build bony matrix

endosteum

the lining of the marrow cavity;

delicate connective tissue membrane on internal bone surfaces; covers spongy bone; contains octiogenic cells that can differentiate into other bones

intramembranous ossification

Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane for _____ ____ to take place;

forms flat bones

epiphyseal line

the appearance of this structure signal the end of bone growth;

hyaline cartilage that separates epiphysis from metaphysis

chondrocytes

the cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification when cartilage is formed (later the cartilage will be converted to bone)

spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.

facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

ramus

Armlike bar of bone

Hematopoiesis

refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow of cavities of certain bones

spongy bone

What is replaced more often: compact bone or spongy bone?

shape

what are bones classified by

periosteum

tissue that serves to protect the bone and supply the bone with nerves and blood

medullary cavity

central cavity of long bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, also known as the marrow cavity.

5

In children all bone marrow is red until about what age

tree trunk

the structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of what plant part?

osteoid

the unmineralized organic portion of the compact bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue;

secreted by osteoblastes; made of protoglycans and glycoprotiens and collagen fibers

hydroxyapatite

65% of bone mass is this compound

no

do all bones stop growing by the end of adolescence?

trabeculae

what part of spongy bone is oriented toward lines of stress

parathyroid

the hormone primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling;

stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into blood;

encourages the digestive system to absorb more calcium and the kidneys to retain more calcium in blood

alternating

each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in what directions

cartilage

has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes

does not

closure of the epiphyseal plate does/does not stop all bone growth

compact bone

only location of an osteon, contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal;

bone tissues adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses;

dense outer layer; smooth and solid

fat

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

osteoblast

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

decreased epiphyseal plate activity

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

diaphysis

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

main section of a long bone.

diploe

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

estrogen

what deficiency due to menopause is implicated in osteoporosis

secondary ossification centers

Ossification of the ends of long bones is produced by what

epiphyseal plate

area where bone longitudinal growth takes place;

allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood;

presence of this bone indicates that bone length is increasing

growth hormone

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

skeletal system

what has the functions of support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, hematopoiesis (blood cell production), and triglyceride (fat) storage?

osteon

the structural unit of compact bone that is riddled with passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels;

its system is an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to long axis of bone

osteogenic

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________ cells

perforating Sharpey's fibers

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

central Haversian canal

what runs through the core of each osteon is the site of blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels.

sacrificial bonds

The resilience of bone is thought to come from the __________ ______ in or between collagen molecules

osteoclast

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

thigh bone

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? (hint: its in an elderly person)

Wolff's law

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

fibrous membranes

Cranial bones develop within

calcitonin

In humans, the effect of what hormone is to temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

early adulthood

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

appositional growth

the growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface of existing cartilage;

increasing thickness

interstitial growth

what describes Chondrocytes in the lacunae dividing and secreting matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Ossification

What is the process of bone formation (Osteogenesis)

sex hormones

Elevated levels of what might cause the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early.

calcium and vitamin D

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

fibrocartilage

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

long

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. How would you classify it?

canaliculi

small hairlike channels that radiate through the matrix of bone, connecting lacunae to each other; allow osteocytes to communicate;

most directly provides nutrients and removes wastes from osteocytes in compact bone

18 year old male

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to and 18-year old male or a 60-year old female?

osteocyte

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________.

hip bone

what is the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient?

increase

the trochanter bone marking would likely (increase/decrease) in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it

trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

healing stages

In order, the four major ___________ of a simple fracture.

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

hematoma

the formation of what is the first healing stage of a simple fracture (bruise)

fibrocartilaginous callus

the formation of what is the second healing stage of a simple fracture;

Scar tissue of bone; a mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of a bone within 3 weeks after the injury

bony callus

the formation of what is the third healing stage of a simple fracture;

this forms during fracture repair when the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone;

lasts 3-4 months

bone remodeling

what is the fourth healing stage of a simple fracture when compact bone replaces spongy bone

flexible

Bones in children are not completely calcified, making them much more ___ than those of the elderly

rigid

Bones in the elderly are completely calcified, making them much more ___ than those of children

Bone

This is an analogy of the chemical compostion of what?

In highway construction metal rebar is used with concrete to form a road that is hard, yet resistant to cracking. Likewise, with this answer, the organic collagen fibers are akin to the metal rebar, providing flexibility, while the inorganic minerals provide the hardness like concrete in a roadway.

organic matrix

What contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength

inorganic matrix

what contributes to bone hardness and resistance to compression.

Diaphyseal

what bone is composed almost entirely of compact bone; It is the shaft/shank of long bones; has a large medullary cavity, whereas the epiphyses do not.

Epiphyseal

what bones are composed almost entirely of spongy bone?

They're on the ends of the bone.

skeletal cartilage

Water lends streanth; no blood vessels or nerves

perichondrium

Surrounds the bone with dense connective tissue; contains blood vessels; resists outward expansion; protects cartilage

Lacunae

Tiny spaces between lamellae that house the osteocytes of the osteon

hyaline

cartilage made of Collagen fibers only; covers articulated surfaces of bones

Elastic

cartilage with the most elastic fibers

fibrocartilage

cartilage that's mostly Thick collagen fibers

axial skeleton

skull

vertebral column

rib cage

protect support, carrying other body parts

appendicular skeleton

Girdles; shoulder bones and hip bones-attach limbs to axial skeleton

locomotion

manipulate environnment

spongy bone

honeycomb needle like or flat pieces called trabeculae easy to crack;

contains irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi

metaphysis

the growing part of a long bone in children between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

fibrous layer

dense irregular connective tissue layer of joint capsule that limits motion

osteogenic layer

This is the inner layer of the periosteum and consits of differentiating osteoblast that are laying down new bone. Has stem cells

osteogenic cells

stem cells that develop in osteoblasts-- found inside of the periosteum and endosteum

red marrow

Gives rise to blood cells

yellow marrow

fat stored in bones

bone markings

Projections, depressions, and openings; important for blood vessels and nerves to get into the bone

lamellae

Rings of the osteon; layers of bone matrix

Volkmann canals

channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting other osteions together

ossification

Formation of bony skeleton begins in second month of development and in postnatal growth until early adulthood; Continues as bone remodeling and repair lifelong

endochondral ossification

the most common bone formation process, which involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone; late second month of development

endochondral bone

what begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue

bone growth

These hormones are involved in what?

Growth hormone

Thyroid hormone

Sex hormone

Dwarfism

Achondroplasima and achondroplasia; defective cartilage formation that affects bone growth