WILD exam 2

Plume Trade

A 19th-century fashion trend where women wore bird feathers on hats, causing the mass killing of birds (specifically wading birds like egrets and herons)

Impact of Industrialization of Wildlife

Wealth from industrialization encouraged excessive fashion and hunting, worsening wildlife exploitation

Herons and Egrets

Wading birds heavily targeted for their plumage during breeding season; up to 200,000 herons killed for feathers in one auction

The Lacey Act

first federal law protecting wildlife; banned interstate trade of illegally hunted animals

Audubon Plumage Act

New York law that banned the sale and possession of wild bird plumage

George Oliver Shields

Public figure who criticized excessive hunting helping to shift public opinion toward conservation

Teddy Roosevelt

U.S. President known for pioneering federal conservation efforts and creating wildlife refuges like Pelican Island

Pelican Island (1903)

First U.S. National Wildlife refugeestablished to protect brown pelicans and other migratory birds.

Grifford Pinchot

First chief of U.S. Forest Service; promoted sustainable resource use (conservationist)

John Muir

Founder of the Sierra club; advocated for total preservation of nature without human interference (preservationist)

Hetch Hetchy Debate

Major conflict between Muir and Pinchot over whether a valley in Yosemite should be used for a reservoir for San Francisco

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

Protected migratory birds across international borders; resulted from a treaty with G.B. (Canada)

Early State Game Agencies

Formed in the early 1900s often from sportsmen’s clubs; initially underfunded and staffed by non-professionals

I.T. Quin

Alabama commissioner who helped found the National Wildlife Federation and supported wildlife protection laws

Hunting and Fishing Liscenses

Began as a funding source for state wildlife agencies; resident licenses introduced in Pennsylvania in 1913

Bounty System

States paid hunters to kill predators like bobcats and hawks; often misused and ecologically harmful

Fish Trains

Used to transport fish species like trout across states for restocking efforts, often without ecological consideration

Mule Deer Overpopulation (1920s)

Resulted from predator removal; led to starvation and habitat damage, highlighting need for ecological balance

White-Tailed deer recovery

Required public education to support doe hunting for proper population control in places like Pennsylvania

William Hornaday

Conservationist and taxidermist; criticised hunting but had controversial views (Ota Benga)

Ota Benga Incident

A Congolese man displayed in a zoo by Hornaday, exposing racist and unethical aspects of early conservation history

Norbeck-Anderson Act (1929)

Allowed the government to establish migratory bird refuges without requiring public hunting access

Aldo Leopold

“father of wildlife management”, introduced scientific concepts like niche, carrying capacity, and compensatory mortality

Compensatory Mortality

Idea that hunting can replace natural death in wildlife populations without reducing overall numbers

Sand County Almanac

Leopold’s influential book on conservation ethics and land stewardship

The Dust Bowl (1928-1932)

Massive drought worsened by poor farming; destroyed habitats and caused dust storms impacting human and wildlife health

Prairie Pothole Region

Vital breeding area for waterfowl devastated by drought and agricultural degradation

Duck Stamp Act

created to fund wetland acquisition and protection via stamp purchases by hunters

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that provided jobs while restoring wildlife habitats during the Depression

Pitman-Robertson Act (1937)

Tax on hunting gear used to fund state wildlife restoration programs

Soil Conservation Service (SCS)

• contour farming

• plant cover crops

• encourage strip farming

• suggested terracing

• no-till farming

• recommended farm ponds

• planting hedgerows

• shelter belt

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1940)

Combined conservation programs into a central agency for wildlife protection and management

1908 Conservation Congress

Roosevelt’s nationwide gathering of governors and experts to promote conservation, leading to the National Conservation Commission

Weeks-McLean Bill (1913)

An early attempt at federal bird protection- deemed unconstitutional but paved the way for the Migratory Bird treaty Act

Ding Darling

A prominent wildlife artist and conservationist who played a significant role in the establishment of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and was instrumental in promoting wildlife conservation initiatives. Appointed by FDR to lead Beureau of Biological Survey

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Improved agriculture, electricity, and water systems while also restoring wildlife habitats

Taylor Grazing Act

Took homesteading land and made it public grazing land

New Anthony Bill

Proposed establishment of wildlife refuges that allowed hunting funded by $1 stamps

1905 Transfer Act

Allowed Roosevelt to place all forest reserves under the Department of Agriculture

1904 Shiraz Bill

Legislation aimed at protecting public hunting and fishing areas and promoting conservation.