Final 302

caused by trauma

acute injuries

caused by overuse

chronic injuries

fractures occur as a result of

extreme stresses and strains placed on bones

main shift of the bone

diaphysis

located at the ends of long bones

epiphysis

A dense, white, fibrous membrane

The periosteum

They provide bone growth and repair.

osteoblasts

There is enough displacement of the fractured ends that the bone actually breaks through surrounding tissues, including the skin, or a wound penetrates the tissues down to the broken bone.

open fracture

There is little or no movement or displacement of the broken bones and no disruption of the skin.

closed fracture

They occur most frequently in the convex bone surface, keeping the concave surface intact.

greenstick fracture

Mike, a professional skier, suffers a fracture during skiing when his leg is stuck to an obstacle and his body rotates with a jerk because of the momentum. The X-ray reveals an S-shaped separation in his tibia. Which of the following types of closed fractures is Mike most likely to have?

spiral fractures

It is the growth area of the bone in adolescents.

epiphysis

\
It provides protection during movement and cushions jars and blows to the joint.

articular cartilage

It covers long bones except at joint surfaces.

periosteum

They can be caused by a hard blow or a fall in an awkward position.

These fractures impose a difficult healing situation because of the displacement of the bone fragments.

comminuted fractures

In the context of different kinds of closed fractures, Blank______ occur in a straight line, more or less at right angles to the bone shaft

transverse fractures

In the context of different kinds of closed fractures, Blank______ are incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified, as would be the case with a young child.

greenstick fractures

In the context of the different types of closed fractures, ______ are often the result of jumping from a height and landing in such a way as to apply force or stress to the long axis.

linear fractures

In the context of the different kinds of closed fractures, ______ consist of three or more fragments at the fracture site.

comminuted fractures

Which of the following usually causes transverse fractures?

A direct outside blow

In the context of the different kinds of closed fractures, Blank______ are fairly common in football and skiing, in which the foot is firmly planted and the body is suddenly rotated.

spiral fractures

In the context of the different types of closed fractures, Blank______ are similar to spiral fractures

oblique

In the context of the different types of closed fractures, ______ are those in which the bone splits along its length.

linear fractures

In general, fractures of the long bones of the arm and leg require approximately ______ weeks of casting.

6

In the context of different kinds of closed fractures, ______ occur in a straight line, more or less at right angles to the bone shaft.

transverse

In the process of healing of a fracture, cells called ______ function to reshape the bone in response to normally applied stresses and strains.

osteoclasts

When ----- ---- develop, pain becomes worse after an ongoing activity is stopped.

Common sites for ----- ---- include the weight-bearing bones of the leg or foot.

stress fractures

Fractures of the smaller bones in the hands and feet may require as little as ______ week(s) of either casting or splinting.

3

A(n) Blank______ occurs when at least one bone in a joint is forced completely out of its normal and proper alignment and must be manually or surgically put back into place or reduced.

dislocation

Subluxations most commonly occur in:

shoulder joint and knee cap

For a fracture to heal, osteoblasts must lay down extra bone formation, called a ______, over the fracture site during the immobilization period.

callus

Which of the following should be done when treating an athlete who has suffered a dislocation?

Before the athlete is taken to a physician, the injury should be properly splinted.

A fracture at an area of periosteal irritation on the bone is called a

stress fracture

a tough, relatively inelastic band of tissue that connects one bone to another.

ligament

They can occur wherever two bones articulate

They most commonly occur in the shoulder joint, elbow, and fingers.

dislocations

They provide information about the relative position of the joint.

mechanoreceptors

a bone comes partially out of its normal articulation but then goes right back into place.

subluxation

Dislocations should/ should not be reduced immediately, regardless of where they occur. Ideally the athlete should get an X-ray to rule out fractures or other problems before reduction, although a physician will often reduce a dislocation without getting an X-ray.

should not

Which of the following is caused by impact from some external object that causes soft tissues (i.e., skin, fat, and muscle) to be compressed against hard bone underneath?

contusion

damage to a joint capsule that provides support to a joint.

sprain

The key to preventing the occurrence of myositis ossificans from repeated contusions is to:

protect the injured area with padding.

functions of the synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.

Lubrication, Shock absorption, Nutrition of the joint

A stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon is referred to as a:

strain

The inner aspect of the synovial membrane, cartilage, and articular disks, if present, have nerves. These nerves are called:

mechanoreceptors

They can lead to bleeding into the tissues. They may be very sore to the touch.

contusions

The rehabilitation time for an incapacitating ------ ----- is longer than for a ligament sprain.

\------ ------ are incapacitating in many instances.

muscle strains

A muscle strain suffered by an athlete may be differentiated from a ligament sprain by:

having the athlete actively contract the injured muscle.

Which of the following is an appropriate term for the voluntary muscle contractions that occur in response to pain following musculoskeletal injury?

muscle guarding

They are thought to occur most often in those muscle groups that are overloaded and fatigued during high demand activities.

muscle cramps

The term "______" is associated with increased tone or contractions of the muscle that occur because of some upper motor neuron lesion in the brain.

spasm

Unlike acute-onset muscle soreness, delayed-onset muscle soreness:

`subsides so that the muscle becomes symptom-free after 3 or 4 days.`

Muscular pain caused by overexertion in exercise is referred to as:

muscle soreness

Diminished sense of feeling

hypoesthesia

Increased sense of feelings such as pain or touch

hyperesthesia

Numbness, prickling, or tingling, which may occur from a direct blow or stretch to an area

paresthesia

Refers to an inflammation of the tendon

tendinitis

Refers to microtears and degeneration of a tendon

tendinosis

\
It is transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise.

acute onset muscle soreness

It becomes most intense after 24–48 hours and then gradually subsides.

DOMS

Crepitus is usually caused by:

\`a tendon's tendency to stick to the surrounding structure.

In which of the following ways can muscle soreness be treated?

Performing proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching

Applying ice within the first 48–72 hours

Inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath is referred to as

tenosynovitis

is a chronic nerve problem, which can be caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time.

Neuritis

 a tendon, which is:

\
a tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid.

bursae

The degeneration of the articular or hyaline cartilage is referred to as

osteoarthritis

is a crackling feeling or sound caused during inflammation of a tendon.

crepitus

Tenosynovitis occurs most commonly in the:

long flexor tendons of the fingers.

In the context of chronic overuse injuries, a trigger point refers to:

an area of tenderness in a tight band of muscle.

Which of the following bursae are most commonly irritated as a result of various types of physical activity?

The subacromial bursa in the shoulder joint under the distal clavicle and acromion process

The prepatellar bursa on the front surface of the patella

The olecranon bursa on the tip of the elbow

Identify the true statements about the inflammatory response phase in the healing process following injury.

During this phase, phagocytic cells clean up the mess created by the injury.

It begins immediately following injury.

Osteoarthritis most often affects:

the weight bearing joints

As scar formation progresses, complaints of tenderness or pain gradually disappear.

During this phase, many of the signs and symptoms associated with the inflammatory response subside.

fibroelastic repair phase

the maturation-remodeling phase in the healing process following injury features:

a realignment of the scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected.

In the context of chronic overuse injuries, trigger points occur most typically in:

the lower back

Loss of function

Increased temperature

inflammatory response phase

Stiffness in the joints upon rising in the morning

Localized tenderness in the joints

osteoarthritis

repair of the injured tissue

Proliferative and regenerative activity leading to scar formation

fibroelastic phase

glenohumeral joint

It is the true shoulder joint.

The scapulothoracic joint

is not a true joint

The teres minor

The infraspinatus

The subscapularis

The supraspinatus

rotator cuff muscles

The period of scar formation, referred to as fibroplasia, during the fibroblastic repair phase of healing begins:

within the first few hours following injury.

Identify a true statement about the sternoclavicular joint of the shoulder complex.

it is extremely weak because of its bony arrangement

Muscles that originate on the axial skeleton and attach to the humerus

The latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major

\

Muscles that originate on the scapula and attach to the humerus

The deltoid, the teres major, the coracobrachialis, and the rotator cuff

Muscles that attach the axial skeleton to the scapula

The levator scapula, the trapezius, the rhomboids, and the serratus anterior and posterior

It lasts from the first movement until the ball leaves the gloved hand.

the wind up phase

It begins when the hands separate and ends when maximum external rotation of the humerus has occurred.

cocking phase

it lasts from maximum external rotation until ball release.

acceleration phase

it lasts from ball release until maximum shoulder internal rotation.

deceleration phase

it lasts from maximum shoulder internal rotation until the end of the motion, when there is a balanced position.

follow-through phase

Emphasis should be placed on strengthening the muscles of the rotator cuff.

All the muscles involved in movement of the shoulder complex should be strengthened through a full range of motion.

Extensive physical conditioning must be used if the shoulder is at risk for sudden traumatic injury.

prevent shoulder injuries

They result from a fall on the outstretched arm, a fall on the tip of the shoulder, or a direct impact.

They may require surgical management occasionally.

clavicle fractures

X-ray examination gives the only positive proof for the fracture.

It usually occurs as the result of a direct blow, a dislocation, or the impact of falling onto the outstretched arm.

fracture to the humerus

In the context of the anatomy of the shoulder, the only direct connection between the upper extremity and the trunk is the:

sternoclavicular

In the context of the shoulder complex, in which of the following phases of throwing do most throwing injuries occur?

The deceleration phase

The acceleration phase

The athlete with a fractured ----- usually supports the arm on the injured side and tilts his or her head toward that side, with the chin turned to the opposite side.

A ----- fracture is cared for immediately by applying a shoulder immobilizer.

clavicle

The head of the humerus is forced out of its joint capsule in an anterior direction past the glenoid labrum and then downward to rest under the coracoid process.

most common glenohumeral dislocation