P12 - Ireland + Home Rule movement

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30 Terms

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Plan of Campaign

Irish Nationalists John Dilon and William O’Brien:

-all tenant landlords act together to refuse to pay rent if too high

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Salisbury - Home rule opinion

Opposed home rule

-threat to the empire

-saw violence as a direct result of Gladstones gov. He didn’t agree with Gladstones policies, wanting tough action to violent individuals

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3 Main Irish policies

Salisbury followed:

-Firmness and coercion to maintain law and order

-attack Parnell rep

-Kill Home Rule with kindness

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Balfour

Made secretary of Ireland in 1887

-wanted to prove his talent

-Nickname “Bloody Balfour“ for Mitchelstown riot

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Land act - 1887

Improvements made to Gladstones Land act

-allowed for rent reviews

Plan of campaign to be outlawed - can be evicted if occurs

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Crime act + 1887 Mitchelstown riot

-police given special powers to stop trouble makers

1887- riots, where 3 demonstrators shot by police

-However in 1890, the crimes act relaxed

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Buying land aid

more peasants{arnell buying land as agricultural prices rose and rents lowered

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Parnell

-Salisbury had an agenda, suggesting he orchestrated a forged letter to be sent to the Times about the Phoenix Park murders

-O’Shea divorce scandal dented his reputation and the Home rule movement as Gladstone refused to work with a known adulterer if Parnell was still the Irish Nationalists leader

  • Justin McCarthy - new leader

-died 1891

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Lord Rosebury - liberal

After Gladstones failed Home rule bill in 1894, he resigned.

-The lords blocked his legislation + he lost the election of 1895 and so the Liberals were out of office till 1905

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Unionists - Home rule

1885- Randolph Churchill willing to call the Orangemen (Ulster protestants) to act unconstitiuonally to halt home rule

-Unionism was growing

1886 - Unionist clubs , propaganda campaign occurred

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Ulster Defence Association

Formed in 1885

-try to set up a Unionist party

-they opposed the first home rule Bill

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second Home rule bill

Rejected in the HoL

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1903 Wyndham’s Land act

Wyndham - Secretary for Ireland

-made easier for peasants to buy land, so more peasant ownership than landlords

1915 - 2/3 Irish farmers owned their land, costing BR gov £89million

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Ulster unionists council

ideas of Balfour giving to much self-gov to Ireland led to this to form

-included both houses of parliament, the Church and Orange order

against Home rule

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John Redmond 1910-14

Gaelic revival of National identity + revival of Irish nationalism:

-Liberals focused on social reform, with only little reform for Ireland.

-Irish Nationalist held power balance in 1892, and able to for a minority gov

-Redmond aided the pass of Parliament Act, so Home rule seemed possible, with the Lords power reducing

-He reunited Irish Nationalists, but kept a low profile till 1900

-was a Parnellite

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Home Rule

Ireland run own domestic affairs

-apart form taxation and foreign affairs being run by BR

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Irish Independence

Total control of ALL aspects of Irish politics

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Ulster

1886 and 1893 were previous fails of HR due to Ulster

-Protestant and Pope didn’t want Southern Catholic Irish rule of all or Ireland — Fear of “Rule by Rome”

-sees itself as part of the UK

-very wealthy industrial area, backed by the conservatives/unionists

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Southern Ireland

wanted home rule but wanted to remain united, so didn’t want Ulster to split away from the rest of Ireland

-Also needed Ulster’s economic wealth

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Limited Home Rule - Asquith

doomed to fail as Unionists would argue it encouraged further demands

-fears if Ireland leave the empire, more would also want to leave

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Partition

LG and Churchill saw the need to deal with Ulster separately

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1912 Home rule Bill

Asquith’s Bill didn’t ease tensions:

-gave a Dublin Parliament, with Ulster + Southern Irish representation

-real power lies still in UK where 42 Irish MPs speech on other issues.

Was rejected in HoL but reduced VETO power so delayed it by 2 years

  • in the 2 years, Ulster Unionists were able to arm themselves in preparation for a civil war with BR gov and Irish nationalists to prevent Home Rule

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Ulster Unionists - fears

-Feared extremist Fenians gain independence from the empire as soon as they could

-Conservatives thought it’ll effect the empire

-”Home rule mean Rome rule”

-felt the wealthy part of Ireland needed to be [art f the UK, and didn’t want to be held back by the South

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civil war threat - Carson

-No legal way to stop Home rule, so 470,000 Unionists led by Sir Edward Carson signed ,Ulster Solemn League and Covent saying they would defend their right to be in the UK

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)-had an illegal army of 80,000 volunteers

Larne gun running - April 1914 illegally imported 30,000 rifles from Germany, willing to go to war with the Uk to stay in the Uk

-Unionist hoped that the open threats would cause the lib gov to collapse

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Blenheim Pledge

Bonar Law + conservatives openly backed Ulster, seemingly to be encouraging openly a rebellion

-Asquith labelled this as irresponsible and “The language of anarchy”

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rising tensions - IVF

-1913 - Catholic nationalists set up Irish Volunteer force to combat the protestant UVF

-Aug 1913 - HOL reject Home rule bill so will be law in July 1914. Asquith couldn’t reach a compromise with Ulster

-Dec 1913 - Royal Proclamation - banned imports of arms in Ireland

-March 1914 - Suggested Amending Bill, where Ulster would be excluded for only 6 years, but Unionists rejected, so civil war seemed imminent

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Curragh Mutiny

Seely (Sec of state for War) said officers not to be forced to take part in future coercion with Ulster

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1914 - Larne gun running

UVF smuggled guns illegally without repercussions, so were well armed and trained

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June 1914 - Howth

IVF - Irish nationalist tried the same at Howth but the army and police got involved

-3 died with 40 injured

-not as well armed but did get many weapons

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Home rule + suspended hostilities

May 1914 - home rule went into commons for 3rd time and issue not resolved so Ireland on verge of civil war

-Outbreak War - suspended hostilities as WW1, so both sided believed if they aided in war, they would gain support for their cause

Asquith happy as was criticised with his “wait and see approach"

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