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Plan of Campaign
Irish Nationalists John Dilon and William O’Brien:
-all tenant landlords act together to refuse to pay rent if too high
Salisbury - Home rule opinion
Opposed home rule
-threat to the empire
-saw violence as a direct result of Gladstones gov. He didn’t agree with Gladstones policies, wanting tough action to violent individuals
3 Main Irish policies
Salisbury followed:
-Firmness and coercion to maintain law and order
-attack Parnell rep
-Kill Home Rule with kindness
Balfour
Made secretary of Ireland in 1887
-wanted to prove his talent
-Nickname “Bloody Balfour“ for Mitchelstown riot
Land act - 1887
Improvements made to Gladstones Land act
-allowed for rent reviews
Plan of campaign to be outlawed - can be evicted if occurs
Crime act + 1887 Mitchelstown riot
-police given special powers to stop trouble makers
1887- riots, where 3 demonstrators shot by police
-However in 1890, the crimes act relaxed
Buying land aid
more peasants{arnell buying land as agricultural prices rose and rents lowered
Parnell
-Salisbury had an agenda, suggesting he orchestrated a forged letter to be sent to the Times about the Phoenix Park murders
-O’Shea divorce scandal dented his reputation and the Home rule movement as Gladstone refused to work with a known adulterer if Parnell was still the Irish Nationalists leader
Justin McCarthy - new leader
-died 1891
Lord Rosebury - liberal
After Gladstones failed Home rule bill in 1894, he resigned.
-The lords blocked his legislation + he lost the election of 1895 and so the Liberals were out of office till 1905
Unionists - Home rule
1885- Randolph Churchill willing to call the Orangemen (Ulster protestants) to act unconstitiuonally to halt home rule
-Unionism was growing
1886 - Unionist clubs , propaganda campaign occurred
Ulster Defence Association
Formed in 1885
-try to set up a Unionist party
-they opposed the first home rule Bill
second Home rule bill
Rejected in the HoL
1903 Wyndham’s Land act
Wyndham - Secretary for Ireland
-made easier for peasants to buy land, so more peasant ownership than landlords
1915 - 2/3 Irish farmers owned their land, costing BR gov £89million
Ulster unionists council
ideas of Balfour giving to much self-gov to Ireland led to this to form
-included both houses of parliament, the Church and Orange order
against Home rule
John Redmond 1910-14
Gaelic revival of National identity + revival of Irish nationalism:
-Liberals focused on social reform, with only little reform for Ireland.
-Irish Nationalist held power balance in 1892, and able to for a minority gov
-Redmond aided the pass of Parliament Act, so Home rule seemed possible, with the Lords power reducing
-He reunited Irish Nationalists, but kept a low profile till 1900
-was a Parnellite
Home Rule
Ireland run own domestic affairs
-apart form taxation and foreign affairs being run by BR
Irish Independence
Total control of ALL aspects of Irish politics
Ulster
1886 and 1893 were previous fails of HR due to Ulster
-Protestant and Pope didn’t want Southern Catholic Irish rule of all or Ireland — Fear of “Rule by Rome”
-sees itself as part of the UK
-very wealthy industrial area, backed by the conservatives/unionists
Southern Ireland
wanted home rule but wanted to remain united, so didn’t want Ulster to split away from the rest of Ireland
-Also needed Ulster’s economic wealth
Limited Home Rule - Asquith
doomed to fail as Unionists would argue it encouraged further demands
-fears if Ireland leave the empire, more would also want to leave
Partition
LG and Churchill saw the need to deal with Ulster separately
1912 Home rule Bill
Asquith’s Bill didn’t ease tensions:
-gave a Dublin Parliament, with Ulster + Southern Irish representation
-real power lies still in UK where 42 Irish MPs speech on other issues.
Was rejected in HoL but reduced VETO power so delayed it by 2 years
in the 2 years, Ulster Unionists were able to arm themselves in preparation for a civil war with BR gov and Irish nationalists to prevent Home Rule
Ulster Unionists - fears
-Feared extremist Fenians gain independence from the empire as soon as they could
-Conservatives thought it’ll effect the empire
-”Home rule mean Rome rule”
-felt the wealthy part of Ireland needed to be [art f the UK, and didn’t want to be held back by the South
civil war threat - Carson
-No legal way to stop Home rule, so 470,000 Unionists led by Sir Edward Carson signed ,Ulster Solemn League and Covent saying they would defend their right to be in the UK
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)-had an illegal army of 80,000 volunteers
Larne gun running - April 1914 illegally imported 30,000 rifles from Germany, willing to go to war with the Uk to stay in the Uk
-Unionist hoped that the open threats would cause the lib gov to collapse
Blenheim Pledge
Bonar Law + conservatives openly backed Ulster, seemingly to be encouraging openly a rebellion
-Asquith labelled this as irresponsible and “The language of anarchy”
rising tensions - IVF
-1913 - Catholic nationalists set up Irish Volunteer force to combat the protestant UVF
-Aug 1913 - HOL reject Home rule bill so will be law in July 1914. Asquith couldn’t reach a compromise with Ulster
-Dec 1913 - Royal Proclamation - banned imports of arms in Ireland
-March 1914 - Suggested Amending Bill, where Ulster would be excluded for only 6 years, but Unionists rejected, so civil war seemed imminent
Curragh Mutiny
Seely (Sec of state for War) said officers not to be forced to take part in future coercion with Ulster
1914 - Larne gun running
UVF smuggled guns illegally without repercussions, so were well armed and trained
June 1914 - Howth
IVF - Irish nationalist tried the same at Howth but the army and police got involved
-3 died with 40 injured
-not as well armed but did get many weapons
Home rule + suspended hostilities
May 1914 - home rule went into commons for 3rd time and issue not resolved so Ireland on verge of civil war
-Outbreak War - suspended hostilities as WW1, so both sided believed if they aided in war, they would gain support for their cause
Asquith happy as was criticised with his “wait and see approach"