Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
what is allopatric speciation?
when species are separated by a geographic barrier, so they’re geographically isolated from each other
what is sympatric speciation?
species become reproductively isolated without any geographic barrier
what is convergent evolution?
when species become similar in phenotype
what is divergent evolution?
when species become increasingly different
adaptive radiation
what is adaptive radiaiton?
it’s essentially just divergent evolution but on a larger scale, so new species are being quickly reproduced
what is coevolution?
it’s when both species affect how each other evolves
what are the mechanisms of natural selection?
stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection
explain stabilizing selection
intermediate/average traits are more favoured
explain directional selection
one extreme trait of species is favoured
explain disruptive selection
when both extreme traits of species is favoured
what is artificial selection?
it’s similar to selective pressure
instead of environment selecting for traits in species, it’s humans selecting for the traits
for ex. humans want more source of meat, so they want more cows and chickens to breed to create bigger chicken/cow population
another ex. when gardener’s breed for certain plants for their traits. for ex. gardeners bred more roses bc of their scent. overall this process leads to a decreased genetic diversity in plants.
cows for more milk production as well
better economy
selective breeding
list out the evidences of evolution
evidence from embryology
evidence of fossil records
evidence from DNA
evidence from anatomy
evidence from biogeography
explain evidence from DNA
when species share similar DNA, essentially that means they look genetically similar
result in similar phenotype
explain evidence of biogeography
the more closer species are, the more related they are
explain evidence from embryology
species with very similar embryo stages (stages before birth) indicates they could have common ancestor
explain evidence of anatomy
species with similar structural elements means they could have common ancestor
humans, bats and cats have similar arm bone structure
vestigial structures
homologous structures
explain homologous structures
it’s when the structures between species are very similar
explain vestigal structures
it’s when species have a structural element that has no function
ex. in humans would be wisdom teeth
ex. in penguins would be their “wings"
explain evidence from fossil records
fossils = remains of animals
diff. layers
the younger layers = more similar to the actual organism still existing
the older layers = look more different to the organism existing today
what is co-dominance?
it’s when both traits/alleles of an organism is fully expressed
what’s incomplete dominance?
it’s the mixing of 2 traits to show up as one
for example when blue flowers and red flowers breed, they become purple flowers
explain monohybrid crossing
doing punnet squares for one trait
finding the likelihood for one trait
genotype and phenotypes ratios + percentage
explain dihybrid crossing
doing punnet squares for 2 traits
finding the likelihood for 2 traits
genotype and phenotype ratios + percentage
what are the mechanisms of microevolution?
mutations
gene flow
gene drift
sexual selection
natural selection
non-random mating
explain morphological species concept
defines species based off their physical features (ex. body shape, body size, etc.)
explain biological species concept
defines species by determining if 2 species can interbreed and have fertile offspring
fertile vs. infertile/sterile?
fertile:
has the ability to produce offspring
infertile/sterile:
can’t produce offspring
can’t produce sperm/egg (ovum) cell
explain phylogenetic species concept
defines organisms based off their evolutionary relationship
how did the 1st eukaryotic cell evolve?
membrane in-folding
endosymbiosis
explain process of membrane in-folding
it’s when the membrane of prokaryotes fold inside the cell itself
it creates structures such as the nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
explain process of endosymbiosis
it’s when energy producing bacteria is engulfed by a larger cell
the engulfment results in new structures such as chloroplasts and mitochondria
host cell & endosymbiont
what is an endosymbiont?
it’s the cell that becomes engulfed during endosymbiosis
that engulfed cell is an energy-producing bacteria
what is a host cell?
it’s the large cell that engulfs the energy producing bacteria
what’s the term for sexual reproduction?
conjugation
what’s the term for asexual conjugation?
binary fission
explain of conjugation
donor cell and recipient cell
pilli of donor cell attaches to receptor sites on recipient cell
an enzyme cuts a piece of plasmid in the donor cell and transfer this genetic material to recipient cell
after the transferring of genetic information, the pilli of the donor detaches from the recipient cell
finally in the end, there will be 2 cells with identical DNA
explain binary fission
plasmid and DNA exists within a cell
DNA and plasmid get duplicated
one part of the DNA and plasmid move to one end of the cell and the other part of the DNA and plasmid move to the opposite end in the cell
cytoplasm will be divided to create 2 identical cells with same DNA
what are membrane-bound organelles?
they only exist in animal/plant cells
ex. include: chloroplasts,nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria
what type of cell does not contain membrane-bound organelles?
bacterial cell since their too small and simple meaning they don’t need complex structures to help them function compared to a bigger cell like animal/plant cells
what are the 2 virus cycles?
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
explain the lytic cycle
virus attaches to cell
viral DNA enters the cell
viral DNA destroys cell’s DNA and is now forced to replicate viral DNA only
eventually, when there’s a build up of too many viruses, cell will break open and travel to other cells in the body
disadvantage: dangerous process since virus can spread quickly to other cells
advantage: body will feel the symptoms quicker, meaning that you can treat it sooner before it becomes worse
explain the lysogenic cycle
virus attaches to cell
viral DNA enters the cell
viral DNA mixes with cell’s DNA
replication of viral DNA + cell’s DNA occurs
cell doesn’t break immediately and can only break open if some trigger happens (heat, chemical, etc.)
in the meantime, the mixed viral DNA + cell’s DNA keeps replicating
disadvantage: you won’t even know the virus exists since it doesn’t even break down and it could take up to years until you finally feel the symptoms but by then, it’s probably worse
explain what dormant/sleep-like state means in lysogenic cycle
it means that us humans would’nt feel any infection since the cell doesn’t breakdown until it’s been a long time
what are the pre-zygotic mechanisms of macroevolution
temporal isolation
behavioural isolation
mechanical isolation
habitat isolation
gametic isolation
explain temporal isolation
it’s when certain organisms are only available during different times of the year/day
for ex. some flowers could be available during sunrise and others can be available during sunset
explain behavioural isolation
it’s when there 2 populations and they don’t response to each other’s behavioural actions (mating rituals)
they only respond to the species in their own population
explain mechanical isolation
it’s when the genital of species are incompatible
for ex. an orchid only has a certain kind of shape to allow certain types of beetles to collect pollen/nectar from it
explain gametic isolation
it’s when sperm and egg (ovum) is released from the species but they don’t fuse together to become a zygote
for ex. fish and clam live in same environment and they both shed eggs and sperms but they don’t fuse together to become zygote
explain habitat isolation
it’s when species live in different locations within the same ecosystem
what are the post-zygotic mechanisms of macroevolution?
hybrid inviability
hybrid breakdown
hybrid sterility
what’s hybrid sterility
it’s when an hybrid organism is sterile (can’t reproduce)
what’s hybrid inviability
it’s when the hybrid embryo dies in its embryo stage before even existing
what’s hybrid breakdown
it’s when hybrid species mate but their offspring are sterile/weak
what are the domains
archea
eubacteria
eukarya
describe eukarya domain
eurkaryotic (multicellular)
contains the protista kingdom, plantae kingdom, anamalia kingdom and fungi kingdom
plants are autotrophs and sexual
fungi are heterotrophs and sexual
protists are sexual or asexual and are autotrophs or heterotrophs
animals are heterotrophs and sexual
describe eubacteria domain
contains eubacteria kingdom
unicellular (prokaryotic)
asexual (binary fission)
heterotrophs or autotrophs
describe archaea domain
contains archaea bacteria kingdom
autotroph/heterotroph
asexual
unicellular (prokaryotic)
what’s the positive impact of fungi on plants
fungi has symbiotic relation with plants
plants rely on fungi to decompose dead matter into nutrients
these nutrients are key for the fungi
mutual symbiotic relation
what’s the negative impact of fungi on plants
when there’s fungal growth around a tree, it can stunt the tree’s growth by affecting its soil