Final Exam Review Bio 120

Kahoot: WHat does Net primary production (NPP) measure?

plant growth

Kahoot: On a global scale, what type of population distribution do humans show?
A) Clumped
B) Random
C) Uniform
D) Homogeneous

A) Clumped

Kahoot: Growth rate = _____________________

Birth rate- Death rate= Growth rate

Kahoot: Which of the following is a density independent factor?
A) Drought
B) Increased risk of infectious diseases
C) Limited food supplies
D) Increase in toxic waste levels

A) Drought

How many people has the UN estimated as of 2022?

8 billion

Define population dispersion.

How organisms are distributed in space.
Ex: Clumped distribution, uniform distribution, and random distribution

OE: What is the growth rate formula?

Birth rate - Death rate = Growth rate

Remember, B comes before D in the alphabet.

What is the current growth rate?

~1.2% per year

What is the current population of people on earth?

7.7 billion (on slides)
UN estimates 8 billion as of 11/15/22 though

Can a population grow to unlimited numbers?

no, studies show that no population can grow to unlimited numbers

Define "Carrying capacity"

The maximum population that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment

Populations grow ___________

exponentially

Provide examples of things limited by environmental resources

Food, water, shelter, space

What are density dependent factors?

Population limiting factors that increase with population size

Provide examples of density dependent factors

Limited food supply, increased risk of disease, increase in waste levels

What is caused due to density dependent factors?

Decrease in birth rates, increase in death rates

Define density independent factors

Influence population growth rates regardless of population

Provide examples of density independent factors

Droughts, temperature extremes, natural disasters

What was the population growth rate in the 1960s

2.1%

Kahoot: Which cause of extinction poses the most serious threat to biodiversity today?
A) Degradation of habitat
B) Introduction of non-native species
C) Overharvesting
D) Effects of pollution

A) Degradation of habitat

Kahoot: At present rate of global habitat destruction, what % of species nay disappear in 50 years?
A)5
B)25
C)50
D)100

B) 25

Kahoot: Which trophic level would include a dairy cow?
A) Producer
B) Secondary consumer
C) Primary consumer
D) Decomposer

C) Primary consumer

kahoot: which cause of extinction poses the most serious threat to biodiversity today?
A) Degradation of habitat
B) introduction of non-native species
C) Overharvesting
D) effects of pollution

A) Degradation of habitat

Kahoot: At present rate of global habitat destruction, what % of species may disappear in 50 years?

5, 25, 50, 100

25%

Kahoot: which tropic level would include a dairy cow?

A) Producer
B) secondary consumer
C) primary consumer
D) Decomposer

C) Primary consumer

Kahoot: To preserve resources, it is better to eat a....
Lower level or higher level?

Lower

Kahoot: In "hot spots" we find this % of all species
0,100, 10, or 50?

50%

Kahoot: Winter weather is colder because Earth is moving further from the sun. True or false?

False

Kahoot: True or false... the higher the altitude, the higher the temperature.

False

Kahoot: What percent of humans are urbanized?

50

14 Textbook Question: What factors have led to the explosive increase in human population over the past 150 years?

Decrease in death rate and infant mortality has led to increasing growth rates.

14 Textbook Question: When individuals in a population are evenly spaced throughout their habitat, their dispersion is termed as _______?

Clumped
uniform
random
excessive
or exponential?

B) Uniform

14 Textbook Question: All of the following are density-dependent factors that can influence population size except what?

Weather,
food supply, waste concentration in the environment,
infectious disease,
or supply of suitable habitat for survival?

A) weather

14 Textbook Question: In contrast to nonhuman populations, human population growth rates have begun to decline due to ______________.

Voluntarily increasing death rates,
voluntarily decreasing birth rates,
involuntary increases in death rates,
involuntary decreases in birth rates,
or density-dependent factors

B) voluntarily decreasing birth rates,

15 Textbook Question: Mass extinction is ___________.

Global in scale,
Affects many different groups of organisms
is caused only by human activity
A and B are correct
A B and C are correct

A and B are correct

15 Textbook Question: Current rates of species extinction appear to be approximately _____ historical rates of extinction.

equal to
10 times lower than
10 times bigger than
50 to 100 times higher than
1000 to 10,000 times higher than

1000 to 10,000 times higher than

15 Textbook Question: According to generalizes species-are curve, when habitat is reduced to 50% of its original size, approximately _____% of the species once present will be lost

10
25
50
90
it is impossible to estimate the percentage

10%

15 Textbook Question: Which cause of extinction results from humans' direct use of a species

overexploitation
habitat fragmentation
pollution
introduction of competitor or predators
global warming

overexploitation

15 Textbook Question: The web of life refers to the ___________

A) evolutionary relationships among living organisms,
B) connections between species in an ecosystem,
C) complicated nature of genetic variability,
D) flow of information form parent to child, or
E) predatory effect of humans on the rest of the natural worlls

B) connections between species in an ecosystem

16 Textbook Question: Which of the following biomes is most common on Earth's land surface?
A) Chaparral
B) Desert
C) Temperate forest
D) Tundra
E) Boreal forest

E

16 Textbook Question: The tundra is found ________
A) Where average temperatures are low and growing seasons are short
B) Near the poles
C) At high altitudes
D) both A and B are correct
E) A, B, and C are correct

E) A, B, and C are correct


Where average temperatures are low and growing seasons are short
Near the poles
At high altitudes

16 Textbook Question: Which of the following biomes has a structure made up primarily of mineral deposits secreted by its dominant organisms?
A) coral reefs
B) freshwater lakes
C) rivers
D) estuaries
E) oceans

A) coral reefs

16 Textbook Question: What is an ecological footprint?
A) The position an individual holds in the ecological food chain
B) Estimates the total land are required to support a particular person or human population
C) Is equal to the size of a human population
D) Helps determine the most appropriate wastewater treatment plan for a community
E) is often smaller than the actual land footprint of residences in a city

B) Estimates the total land are required to support a particular person or human population

What is scientific theory?

A powerful, broad explanation for related observations
based on well supported hypothesis and independent lines of research

A scientific hypothesis is ________.
A. an opinion; B. a proposed explanation for an
observation; C. a fact; D. easily proved true; E. an idea
proposed by a scientist

B. a proposed explanation for an
observation

How is a scientific theory different from a scientific hypothesis?
A. It is based on weaker evidence; B. It has not been
proved true; C. It is not falsifiable; D. It can explain a
large number of observations; E. It must be proposed by a
professional scientist

D. It can explain a
large number of observations;

A primary source of scientific results is _______.
A. the news media; B. anecdotes from others;
C. articles in peer-reviewed journals; D. the Internet;
E. all of the above

C articles in peer-reviewed journals;

List the four biological molecules commonly found in
living organisms

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

List the structural features in a prokaryotic cell.

genetic material, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes

Different proteins are composed of different sequences of
_________.
A. sugars; B. lipids; C. fats; D. amino acids; E. carbohydrates

D. amino acids

Proteins may function as _________.
A. genetic material; B. cholesterol molecules; C. fat reserves;
D. enzymes; E. all of the above

D. enzymes

A fat molecule consists of _________.
A. carbohydrates and proteins; B. complex carbohydrates
only; C. saturated oxygen atoms; D. a carbon skeleton and
fatty acids

D. a carbon skeleton and
fatty acids

Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that only
eukaryotic cells _________.
A. contain DNA; B. have a plasma membrane; C. are
considered to be alive; D. have a nucleus; E. are able to evolve

D. have a nucleus

A substance moving across a membrane against a
concentration gradient is moving by ___________.
A. passive transport; B. osmosis; C. facilitated
diffusion; D. active transport; E. diffusion

D. Active transport

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

The reactants are glucose and oxygen. The products are carbon
dioxide and water.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _________.
A. heating cells; B. binding to substrates and placing
stress on their bonds; C. changing the shape of the
cell; D. supplying energy to the substrate

B. binding to substrates and placing
stress on their bonds

B. binding to substrates and placing
stress on their bonds

D. electron carriers that bring electrons to
the citric acid cycle;

The electron transport chain _________.
A. is located in the matrix of the mitochondrion; B. has
the electronegative carbon dioxide at its base; C. is a
series of nucleotides located in the inner mitochondrial
membrane; D. is a series of enzymes located in the
intermembrane space; E. moves electrons from protein
to protein and moves protons from the matrix into the
intermembrane space

E. moves electrons from protein
to protein and moves protons from the matrix into the
intermembrane space

Most of the energy in an ATP molecule is released _____________
A. during cellular respiration; B. when the terminal
phosphate group is hydrolyzed; C. in the form of new
nucleotides; D. when it is transferred to NADH

B. when the terminal
phosphate group is hydrolyzed;

Which of the following does not occur during the light
reactions of photosynthesis?
A. Water is released; B. Electrons from chlorophyll
are moved to a higher-energy state by light; C. ATP is
produced; D. NADPH is produced to carry electrons to
the light-independent reactions; E. Oxygen is produced
when water is split.

A. Water is released;

Which of the following is a false statement about
photosynthesis?
A. During the light-independent reactions, electrons
and ATP from the light reactions combine with
atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce sugars;
B. The light-independent reactions take place in the
chloroplast stroma; C. Oxygen produced during
the light-independent reactions is released into the
atmosphere; D. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red
light and reflects green light; E. The end product of
photosynthesis is a carbohydrate such as glucose.

C. Oxygen produced during
the light-independent reactions is released into the
atmosphere;

Which of the following human activities generates the
most carbon dioxide?
A. driving; B. cooking; C. bathing; D. using aerosol

A. Driving

A cell that begins mitosis with 46 chromosomes produces
daughter cells with _________ chromosomes.
A. 13; B. 23; C. 46; D. 92

C. 46

Mitosis _________.
A. occurs only in cancerous cells; B. occurs only in skin
cells; C. produces daughter cells that are exact genetic
copies of the parent cell; D. results in the production of
three different cells

C. produces daughter cells that are exact genetic
copies of the parent cell

At metaphase of mitosis, _________.
A. the chromosomes are condensed and found at the
poles; B. the chromosomes are composed of one sister
chromatid; C. cytokinesis begins; D. the chromosomes
are composed of two sister chromatids and are lined up
along the equator of the cell

D. the chromosomes
are composed of two sister chromatids and are lined up
along the equator of the cell

. Sister chromatids _________.
A. are two different chromosomes attached to each
other; B. are exact copies of one chromosome that are
attached to each other; C. arise from the centrioles;
D. are broken down by mitosis; E. are chromosomes
that carry different genes

B. are exact copies of one chromosome that are attached to each other;

DNA polymerase _________.
A. attaches sister chromatids at the centromere;
B. synthesizes daughter DNA molecules from fats and
phospholipids; C. is the enzyme that facilitates DNA
synthesis; D. causes cancer cells to stop dividing

C. is the enzyme that facilitates DNA synthesis;

. The production of gametes .
A. begins at puberty in males and females; B. requires
that the testes of males produce semen; C. results
in the production of diploid cells from haploid
cells; D. begins at puberty in females; E. produces
sperm and eggs that carry half the number of
chromosomes as nongametes

produces sperm and eggs that carry half the number of
chromosomes as nongametes

Homologous pairs of chromosomes .
A. are two different chromosomes attached to each
other; B. are exact copies of one chromosome that are
attached to each other; C. are separated from each
other during meiosis I; D. are separated from each
other during interphase; E. are chromosomes that carry
different genes

C. are separated from each
other during meiosis I

After telophase I of meiosis, each daughter cell is
.
A. diploid, and the chromosomes are composed of
one double-stranded DNA molecule; B. diploid, and the chromosomes are composed of two sister
chromatids; C. haploid, and the chromosomes
are composed of one double-stranded DNA
molecule; D. haploid, and the chromosomes are
composed of two sister chromatids

D. haploid, and the chromosomes are
composed of two sister chromatids

Sperm and eggs in humans always _________.
A. each have two copies of every gene; B. each have
one copy of every gene; C. each contain either all
recessive alleles or all dominant alleles; D. are genetically
identical to all other sperm or eggs produced by that
person; E. each contain all of the genetic information
from their producer

; B. each have
one copy of every gene;

An allele is a _________.
A. version of a gene; B. dysfunctional gene; C. protein;
D. spare copy of a gene; E. phenotype

A. Version of a gene

Transcription _________.
A. synthesizes new daughter DNA molecules from an
existing DNA molecule; B. results in the synthesis of an
RNA copy of a gene; C. pairs thymines (T) with adenines
(A); D. occurs on ribosomes

. Transfer RNA (tRNA) _________.
A. carries monosaccharides to the ribosome for
synthesis; B. is made of messenger RNA; C. has an
anticodon region that is complementary to the mRNA
codon; D. is the site of protein synthesis

C. has an
anticodon region that is complementary to the mRNA
codon

During the process of transcription, _________.
A. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of more
DNA; B. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of
RNA; C. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of
proteins; D. RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of
proteins

B. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of
RNA;

Translation results in the production of _________.
A. RNA; B. DNA; C. protein; D. individual amino
acids; E. transfer RNA molecules

C. Protein

The RNA polymerase enzyme binds to _________,
initiating transcription.
A. amino acids; B. tRNA; C. the promoter sequence;
D. the ribosome

C. the promoter sequence;

8. Fungi feed by _________.
A. producing their own food with the help of sunlight;
B. chasing and capturing other living organisms;
C. growing on their food source and secreting chemicals
to break it down; D. filtering bacteria out of their
surroundings; E. producing spores

C. growing on their food source and secreting chemicals
to break it down

. An ecological footprint _________.
A. is the position an individual holds in the ecological
food chain; B. estimates the total land area required to
support a particular person or human population;
C. is equal to the size of a human population;
D. helps determine the most appropriate wastewater
treatment plan for a community; E. is often smaller than
the actual land footprint of residences in a city

; B. estimates the total land area required to
support a particular person or human population;

Unit 4: Define population dispersion

how organisms are distributed in
space

ex
• Clumped distribution
• Uniform distribution
• Random distribution

unit 4: growth rate formula

• Growth rate = birth rate – death rate

unit 4 what is the current yearly growth rate percentage

~1.2% per year

unit 4 what are limited environmental resources

food, water, shelter, space

unit 4 what are density dependent factors

population-limiting
factors that increase with population size


• Limited food supply
• Increased risk of disease
• Increase in waste levels
• Results in
• Decrease in birth rates
• Increase in death ratew

unit 4 what are density independent factors

Density-independent factors: influence population
growth rates regardless of population
• Droughts
• Temperature extremes
• Natural disasters

Unit 4 is a big base or small base better for a population pyramid

big because it means the majority of the population is young and the population is still growing

unit 4 what is extinction?

the complete loss of a species

unit 4 how many mass extinctions have there been

5 over 600 million years

unit 4 what is the average life span of a species

1 million years

unit 4 what is the standard amount of years to determine if a species is extinct?

50 years

Unit 4 what are the primary reasons for extinction?

• Loss or degradation of habitat
• Introduction of
non-native species
• Overexploitation
of species
• Pollution

Unit 4 what is a habitat

Habitat: the place where a particular species lives and
obtains resources for survival

Unit 4 what is the most serious threat to species?

habitat destruction

Unit 4 what is the species are curve?

Measures the relationship between the size of a natural area and the number of species supported

unit 4 at this rate, wha tpercent of species could be extinct in the next 50 years?

• At present rate of global habitat destruction, 25% of all
species could become extinct with 50 years.

unit 4 what is a food chain (definition)

Linear flow of energy within an ecosystem

unit 4 fill in the blanks for the food chain process
_______->___________->__________-> and then _____________

Sun à producers à primary consumers à secondary
consumers

unit 4 what are producers

Producers: photosynthetic organisms

unit 4 what are primary consumers

Primary consumers: feed on producer

unit 4 what are secondary consumers

Secondary consumers: predators that feed on primary
consumers