CHW3M / Exam

Characteristics of a Civilization

• Centralized government

• Specialization in occupation

• Agricultural intensification

• Merchants and trade

• Science and technology

• Class structure

• State religion

• Rivers and civilizations

Darwin’s Theory

• Evolution through natural selection

• Environment causes species to change and adapt to survive

• Species with traits that fit the environment live longer and can reproduce

Order of hominid bipeds to homo sapiens sapiens

1. Australopithecus afarensis

2. Homo habilis

3. Homo erectus

4. Homo sapien (neanderthals)

5. Homo sapien sapien

Order of ancient human ancestors

1. Toumai

2. Ardi

3. Laetoli footprints

4. Selam

5. Lucy

Where is Mesopotamia?

• Between the Tigris and Euphrates river

• Modern Iraq

Natufian

• Ancient group of hunter-gatherers in Mesopotamia

• One skeleton was found with a headband of seashells and a sickle

Sumer

• First official civilization in Mesopotamia

• Engineered levees (irrigation system)

• Invented writing on cuneiform

• Invented beer and wine

Akkad

• First empire of Mesopotamia

• Expanded by Sargon (“the great reformer”)

• Rich in crops, but lacked in metals, timber, and limestone

• Improved trade and military

Who is Hammurabi and what did he do?

• King of Babylon

• Wrote the first written laws

• Famous for Hammurabi code of laws

  • 282 written laws

  • “Eye for an eye” principle

  • Also detailed medical laws

Characteristics of Paleolithic Era

• Hunter-gatherer society

• Men hunted for all kinds of animals while women and children gathered

  • Women were more successful since men couldn’t guarantee a successful hunt

• No social class since people couldn’t carry many possessions

Characteristics of Neolithic Era

• End of semi-nomadic lifestyle and beginning of farming

• Domestication of animals

• Warmer, wetter climate

• Permanent towns and cities created

• Social class system developed

• Freed from the pursuit of food, allowing the arts to develop: music, art, sports, leisure

• Religion developed (+tombs and religious sites)

• Foundation laid for future civilizations

Lucy

• Australopithecus afarensis

• Found in Tanzania by Don Johanson

• One of the oldest known and most famous human ancestors

• 11-12 years old, but is still an adult

Ardi

• Found after Lucy, but is dated to be older than her

• One of the oldest biped human ancestors

• Found in Ethiopia

What were the footprints found by Mary Leakey?

• Laetoli footprints

• Set of ancient footprints

• Shows bipedalism

Shanidar I

• Neanderthal skeleton buried with flowers

• Had severe disabilities

• Showed how Neanderthals cared for the elderly and sick, and their burial rituals

Young-Earth creationism

• The belief that the God of Judaism or Christianity created the Universe

• The earth is around 5,700 and 10,000 years old

• Humans were created as they are now

Old-Earth creationism

• The belief that God created the universe, but believes the events of Genesis should be taken figuratively

• Earth is around 4-5 billion years old

• Humans were created as they are now

Theistic evolution

• The belief of evolution set in motion by God

Atheistic evolution

• The belief of evolution being a cause and not set in motion by any god

Liberal historian

• Tend to see history as unfolding in a progressive manner

• Each generation building on the accomplishments of previous generations for the greater good

Marxist historian

• Tend to focus on the struggles of the common people against the tyranny and oppression of those with power

Postmodern historian

• Celebrates diversity and rejects monolithic world views like liberalism, marxism, etc.

Nebuchadnezzar

• King and visionary leader in Neo-Babylonia

• Used architecture to expand empire

• Created passages and trade routes across the Euphrates river

• Took over Syria and Palestine, destroying Jerusalem

• Conquered territories, targeting the Jewish

• Built the hanging gardens of Babylon

Sargon

• Born in Akkad, and raised by a farmer

• Rose up the ranks to a cupbearer

• Became “the great reformer,” building new cities, setting revolutionary tax codes, and possibly enforced gender neutrality

• Military genius

• Put his sons in power of each city-state

Cyrus the Great

• Persian king, founder of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire

• Born into royalty, and overthrew this grandpa to become king

• Issued the Cyrus cylinder

  • Ancient clay cylinder with important scriptures

  • Religious freedom

  • Racial equality

  • Human rights

  • Follower of Zoroastrianism religion

Cuneiform

• One of the oldest forms of writing known

• Means "wedge-shaped”

• Written on baked clay tablets

• Originally made to record trade transactions

Ziggurat

• Temples used to worship many different gods

• Built with stacked layers getting smaller going up, as it was thought that the gods would descend and land on the top point

• Only hierarchies and priests could go in, as they were seen as the only ones who could communicate with gods

What does Desret mean?

“Red Land”

What does Kemet mean?

“Black Land”

How was Egypt split before being unified?

• Lower Egypt (north) was ruled by a monarchy with a red crown

• Upper Egypt (south) was ruled by a monarchy with a white crown

Who unified Egypt?

• King Menes

• Wore a double crown with both red and white to signify unification

Djoser

• Had a vizier named Imhotep: his doctor, priest, architect, judiciary, and right-hand man

• Famous for his Step Pyramid in Saqqara

  • A tomb for him depicting palace furnishings, family life, daily goods, etc.

Imhotep

• Created the design for the Step Pyramid of Djoser

• First non-ruling person to have his life recorded

Kamose

• King of the city Thebes

• Fought against the Hyksos

• His spies intercepted messages from the Hyksos

• Hyksos sent letters to the Nubians to attack him

• He moved north to invade the capital of Hyksos rule, but here he died

Ahmose

• Khamose’s younger brother

• 10 years old when his brother passed away, and trained for 10 more years before continuing the battle against the Hyksos

• Siege of Avaris was successful

• Presented a ceremonial act and then became pharaoh of a united Egypt

• Beginning of the New Kingdom

• Thebes became the religious capital

Hatshepsut

• Name means “foremost of noble ladies”

• Claimed to be daughter of a king, Tuthmosis I, and daughter of a god, Amon

• Husband = Tuthmosis II

• Step-Son = Tuthmosis III

• Took reign from her son as he was only 3 years old, and named herself pharaoh

• Depicted herself as a male in art, made obelisks depicting her relations to Amon as propaganda

• Sent her son’s army to Punt

• Egypt had peace and prosperity under her reign

Tuthmosis III

• Name means “Born of the god Thoth”

• Hatshepsut’s son, but removed her name from obelisks and her mortuary temple

• Connected himself with warriors, and strategized to build an empire

• Controlled Israel, Syria, Palestine, and Nubia, taking women, children, and cows 

• Brought gold into Egypt

• Became the richest man and the first ruler of the greatest empire in history

Amenhotep III

• Name means “God Amon be satisfied”

• GRW: Tiy

• Controlled the empire using his words, not military

• Sent “Amarna Letters” on clay tablets to kings of the east to build brotherhood and trade

• Stones carved as dung beetles, with the latest news and achievements as propaganda

Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten

• Worshipped only Aten (“visible sun”)

• Changed his name to mean “One who is beneficial to Aten,” and was his own main priest of Aten

• Disregarded Amon-Re, became the first monotheist and religious oppressor

• GRW = Nefertiti

• Removed part of Amenhotep III, his dad, from history

• Established Amarna/Akhetaton as the capital city instead of Thebes

• Bad pharaoh

  • Ignored the needs of the country

  • Ignored military duties

  • Only focused on reforming religion

• Art depicted life, nature, and movement

• Disproportionate bodies and human flaws

Tutankhamon

• Name means “Living image of Amon”

• Restored Egypt to polytheism after his dad, as well as Amon-Re as the main god

• Amarna was deserted

• Died at 19 with no heir

Rameses II

• Name means “Begotten by Ra, the sun god”

• Reigned about 100 years after Tut

• GRW: Nefertari

• Hittites threatened Egypt, and he fought them off by pure luck

• Told stories of defeating the Hittites, but signed a peace treaty and married a Hittite daughter to stop the threat

• Per Rameses was the new capital

• Created monuments to himself along the Nile engraved with “Ruler of Rulers”

• Outlived a lot of his heirs

Opening of the mouth ceremony

• An elaborate ritual with:

  • Purification, burning of incense, anointment, incantations

  • Touching the mummy with ritual objects to restore the senses of speech, touch, smell, sight and hearing.

What was the journey to the afterworld like?

• Underworld had dangerous monsters with knives and fire-spitting dragons

• Deceased arrived in the Land of the Gods (Duat)

• Deceased had to pass through 7 gates by reciting the correct spell

• If successful, deceased entered the Hall of Osiris

Book of the Dead

• A scroll placed in a mummy’s tomb

• Description of Egyptian idea of the afterlife

• Personal book of spells, hymns, and instructions on how to get to the afterlife

• Could change over time as it was not divinely inspired

Weighing of the heart ceremony

• Once mummy made it to the Hall of Osiris, their heart was weighed against Ma’at’s feather

• Overseen by Anubis and Thoth

• If heart was equal or lighter than the feather, they could meet Osiris to go to the afterlife

• If heart was heavier than the feather, they would be eaten by the goddess Amemet and cease to exist

What is the Ka?

• The spiritual duplicate of your baby

• In the heart of the baby

• Lives in the tomb forever, needs food, clothes, furniture, companions, etc

What is the Ba?

• Your personality

• Leaves your body at death

• Represented by a bird with a human head

What is the Akh?

• The mummy in the afterlife

• Goes to the Hall of Osiris and goes to live in the afterlife

Who is Ma’at?

• The goddess and the symbol of the equilibrium of the universe

• Pharaoh ruled under Ma’at’s principles of honor, family, environment, and community

What were mastabas?

• One of the first ways of burying the deceased

• Burial chamber with the body underground

• Eventually evolved into pyramids

Role of Egyptian women

• Nebet per (“lady of the house”)

• Domestic life

• Right to own and dispose of land and property, divorce, and initiate a court case or serve as a witness

• Did not hold important titles or political power, usually illiterate, barred from intellectual and government life

• Goal was the be as beautiful as possible for her husband

Battle of Marathon

• Persians led by Darius the Great

• Pheidippides ran the original “Marathon”, all the way to Sparta and back to ask the Spartans for help (they said no)

• Persians faked attack @ Marathon but actually sent ships to Athens, equaling numbers at the battle of Marathon

• Athenians won

Battle of Thermopylae

• Persians led by Xerxes

• Persians went through the Hellespont; using wires as thick as humans to cross

• Athens and Sparta fought together and defended in Thermopylae

• 7000 Greeks vs 25000 Persian men

• 300 Spartans vs 10,000 Immortals

• Persians won

Battle of Salamis

• Persians led by Xerxes.

• Naval battle

• Greeks had triremes, fast and narrow boats with 3 levels of rowers

• The Persians were already tired from rowing all the way there, but Greeks were not, giving them the upper hand

• Greek won, Xerxes ran home

Battle of Plataea

• One of the generals launched small attacks to weaken the Greeks, but died in the process

• Persians took over Greek’s water supply and forced them to retreat

• Greeks were disorganized, which caused Mardonius to launch attacks at the Spartans

• Spartans had an advantage since they were fighting downhill

• One of the Spartans picked up a stone and threw it at the Persian commander, killing him

• Greeks won

Who was the earliest civilization on Crete?

• Minoans

• Came before Mycenaeans

Who is the first Greek civilization?

• Mycenaeans

• Came after Minoans

What does Thermopylae mean?

“Hot Gates”

What is a polis?

• Greek city state

• Each polis was very secluded and had their own laws and leaders

• Often went to war with each other

Socrates

• Socratic method

  • Ask further questions to prompt deeper thinking rather than giving a plain answer to students

• Was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth and challenging the Greek authorities and gods

• Blamed for the loss of the Peloponnesian War

Plato

• Believed in a perfect reflection of our own unperfect world

• Political theorist

• Created Western University and was a teacher to Ancient Greece

• Called people “featherless birds”

Aristotle

• Ethos, Pathos, Logos

• Mentored Alexander the Great

Eratosthenes

• Earth is not flat

• Estimated the circumference of the earth (very accurately)

Hippocrates

• Hippocratic Oath for doctors

• Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using science rather than religion to heal

• Believed in the 4 humours to explain health, and that illness came from them being unbalanced

Archimedes

• Displacement of water

• Boat buoyancy

• Figured this out while sitting in a bathtub and then got up running around yelling “eureka!”

Herodotus

• Father of history

• Wrote about Persian wars

• Sometimes biased towards Greeks

Oracle at Delphi

• Sanctuary on the top of a hilltop where people would ask priestesses or priests questions about their future

• Apollo would answer those questions

Spartan life

• At age 7 boys started military training. Learnt how to withstand pain, be obedient, cunning, and resilient; never admitting defeat

• At the age of 30, they became full citizens who could vote, marry, hold office, own property, and own slaves

• Women had lots of rights too; Girls were encouraged to join sports and given training in both music and dance

• Women had rights to own property and marriage rights

Athenian life

• Men often tended to city affairs while women could not

• Daughters were seen as a liability since they needed dowries to find husbands

• Daughters learn domestic skills while sons get proper education

• Held intellect in high regard as opposed to physical strength

What was the first script developed on Crete?

• Linear A

• Undeciphered

What was the language of the Mycenaeans?

• Linear B

• Has been deciphered

Where did our alphabet come from?

• Phoenicians

Homer

• Famous poet

• Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

• Told the story of Troy

Olympic games

• Panhellenic (“all Greece”) game in honour of Zeus at Olympia

• Crown game = Sacred crown of a tree (+ fame)

• Prize game = Money 🤑

• Shut down when Theodosius I ordered that all Pagan sanctuaries be closed

Delian league

• An alliance of Greek city states led by Athens

• The treasury for this league was kept on the island of Delios, hence the name

Peloponnesian league

• An alliance of Greek city states led by Sparta

Peloponnesian War

• Pericles wanted Athens to be the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean, and wanted to fight Sparta

• Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League

• Athenians stopped farming and relied on imports, which brought in the plague. This killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles

• Socrates was blamed for the loss and killed

What is a hoplite?

• Greek soldiers

• Positioned in phalanxes

What is a helot?

• Spartan slave

What is a tyrant?

• Anyone who takes rulership unlawfully

• Doesn’t necessarily make them a bad leader

Role of women in Greece

• Second class citizens

• Girls stayed at home to learn basics, but mostly how to weave, work with wool, and how to take care of the home

• Only Spartan women had more rights

  • Could participate in sports

  • Received training in music and dance

  • Property and marriage rights

Colonization of Sicily

• Farmers couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone, so they made colonies in other places to farm and send food back to the mother cities

• Greeks built so many cities in southern Italy & Sicily, that it was nicknamed “Greater Greece”

Ostracism

• The ability for the city to send any citizen who potentially threatened tyranny and his family into exile for 10 years

• 6000 votes needed to be casted, and these were done on pottery shards called ostraka

Phillip II

• Alexander the Great’s father

• Wanted to take over all of Greece and then the eastern world

• King of Macedonia

• Had retirement plan for troops

• Troops would march backwards

• Long spears

Alexander the Great

• Studied under Aristotle

• He wanted to take over the eastern world, following in his father’s footsteps

• His army fought elephants and many died

• Mysteriously died

• After his death, his land split into 3 dynasties: Seleucid, Ptolemaic, & Antigonid

Marius’ mules and a Roman legion

• Marius ended seasonal campaigning, and started paid “standing armies”

• Roman legions were the biggest military unit that the Romans had

What does Punic mean?

• Romans called Carthaginians “Phoenicians” based on their origins

• Pronounced as “Ponicians” > “Ponic” > “Punic”

1st Punic War

• Hamilcar Barca (Carthaginian leader) lost to Romans over Sicily

• He became super vengeful, passing that vengeance onto his son, Hannibal

2nd Punic War

• Carthage led by Hannibal

• Left Spain through the cold alps, lost 72k men and 36 elephants

• Publius Cornelius Scipio lost the alps battle

• Many battles, which Hannibal all won

• Over 14 years, Romans, slowly pushed back and were able to invade northern Africa

• Eventually defeated Carthaginians by Publius Cornelius Scipio II (Africanus)

• Hannibal commits suicide

3rd Punic War

• Started by Carthaginians as revenge, but battles were held mostly in Carthage

• Romans won, led by Publius Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus’ grandson)

Characteristics of the Roman world

• Roman numerals

• Fondness for blood Sports

• Belief in the Underworld

• Fortune telling

• Purple robes + Ivory thrones of Etruscan kings

• Struggled for survival; little interest in philosophy

• Virtues were discipline, piety, dignity, seriousness, & practicality

First Triumvirate Members

• Julius Caesar

• Magnus Pompey

• Marcus Licinius Crassus

Etruscans

• Settled in North Eastern Italy

• Alphabet based on Greek alphabet

• Religion was based on human-like Gods learned from Greeks

• Complicated rituals for divining the future

Who was the first Etruscan king?

• Romulus

Who was the last Etruscan king?

• Tarquin the Proud

  • Got expelled

  • His son Sextus raped a virtuous aristocratic woman named Lucretia who then committed suicide

Founding story of Rome

• Sylvia had kids with the god Mars, Romulus and Remus, but they were thrown into the river and abandoned

• A mother wolf found them flowing down the river, and she took them in to be raised by wolves

• They were found by a shepherd and taken in, teaching them about human life

• The old king (Numitor) found out, and wanted to meet his grandsons; he told them to overthrow the current king (Amulius)

• Went to the temple of Mars to save Sylvia and bring her back to the castle

• Romulus and Remus fought over what to call the city they founded

• Romulus killed Remus, so it was named Rome

Who are patricians?

• Rich

• Land-owning aristocracy

Who are plebians?

• Poor

• Landless

Role of Roman women

• Had much shorter names than males and had trouble tracing their lineage because of this

• Greatest role was weaving and spinning wool

• Could leave early in the morning to enjoy public baths, or to porticos with gardens and sculptures

• Could not go to the forum, law court, or senate house

• Could not get good views in the colosseum and had to sit at the back

• Got married and had children extremely young

• If she was betrothed, she had to wear an engagement ring and any gifts her soon-to-be husband gave her