APUSH - UNIT 7: VOCAB

Hawaii

• US secures exclusive rights to Hawaiian sugar

• Use of Pearl Harbor, strategically located on sea-lanes from Cali to Chin

• Overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and annexed to eliminate high US tariffs on sugar

Philippines

US secured control through treaty of Spanish-America War in return for $20 million payment to Spain

Puerto Rico

• US acquisition of Spanish island through Spanish-American War in Caribbean

• Congress granted US citizenship to all Puerto Ricans and provided for limited self-government

Panama Canal

• US desires for a canal through Central America connecting Atlantic and Pacific

• Canceled Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (any canal in CA under join British-US control)

  • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: Brit agreement to let US build canal alone

Santo Domingo

• Deep financial debt to European - enables Europeans to intervene

  • Roosevelt declares that US would intervene instead through Roosevelt Corollary

Railroads in China

• Taft wanted US bankers to invest in railroads in China

• Northern Manchuria: US excluded from railroad agreement b/w Russia & Japan

  • defied Open Door policy by treating Manchuria as a jointly held sphere of influence

Intervention in Nicaragua

US intervened with Nicaragua’s financial affairs & sent in marines (for civil war) to protect American investments

Rhineland

• region in western Germany, serving as a demilitarized zone (Versailles Treaty of WW!)

  • Hitler defied treaty & ordered troops to march here

Poland

• Germany invades, starting in WWII in Europe b/w Britain & France VS Italy & Japan

• First to fall to Germany’s lightning war (blitzkrieg)

Sutdetenland

• Hitler invades, Justifying that it was a region of German-speaking people

• Munich Conf — Britian & France let Hitler take Sudetenland unopposed (appeasement)

Casablanca Conference

Roosevelt & Churchill agreed on a grand strategy to win WWII by invaded Sicily and Italy & demand “unconditional surrender” from Axis Powers

Yalta Conference

• Big Three conference to guide them after victory in Europe (led by US)

• divide Germany into occupation zones, losing ¼ of land to Poland & USSR

• Eastern Europe to hold free elections, under Soviet; + Soviets join war against Japan

• Soviets gained southern Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, and special rights in Manchuria

• Create a new world peace organization (United Nations)

Potsdam Conference

• Stalin, Truman, & Clement negotiate terms to end WWII

  • Demand Japan’s unconditional surrender + divide Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones

• After Conference

  • Stanlin wanted harsher treatment of Germany and interpreted the use of the atomic bomb against Japan as a threat to the Soviet Union

  • Truman wanted to challenge Soviets (Communist takeovers) in Eastern Europe

Jingoism

intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

Yellow Journalism

using exaggerated or false stories to grab attention, often focusing on shocking or scandalous events

Spheres of Influence

Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany could dominate trade and investment within a region of China

Segregated Schools

US law in Cali discriminated against Japanese-Americans; children attending was considered a national insult in Japan

Military Intervention

intially neutral until provocation → Selective Service Act

Muckrackers

• investigative journalists who exposed corruption in politics and business + social issues (child labor and poor living conditions) to the public

  • Originated from Henry Demarest Lloyd, attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroad industry

Urban Middle Class

doctors, lawyers, storekeepers, white-collar office workers, and middle managers employed in businesses (+ Progressives ideals)

Protestants

native-born, older-stock Americans from elite families

• Followed a religious tradition that preached against vice, promoted social responsibility, and helped the poor through movements (Social Gospel)

Racial Segregation

• enforced separation of racial groups in public spaces and institutions

  • Legally in the South and unofficially practiced in the North

  • Upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal)

Allied Powers

Britain, France, and Russia (WWI); U.S., Britain, the Soviets, China (WWII)

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire of Turkey (WWI); Germany, Italy, and Japan (WWII, Axis)

Submarine Warfare

a naval strategy in which submarines attack enemy ships without warning

• Germany used this tactic to challenge Britain’s naval blockade, declaring a "war zone" around the British Isles

Service by African Americans

  primarily in segregated units with limited opportunities for leadership and exclusion from the Marine Corps

Anti-German Hysteria

fear and distrust of Germans and its culture, leading to discrimination and violence against German Americans

• Anti-Communist hysteria, fueling xenophobia → Red Scare + restriction on immigration

Scientific Management

a factory management system developed by Frederick W. Taylor that used precise timing to increase efficiency

Welfare Capitalism

companies voluntarily offering improved benefits and higher wages to their employees in order to reduce their interest in joining unions

Gross national product

the value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in 1 year

Self-reliance

rely on oneself rather than government interference

Three R’s

help for unemployed (relief), fixing economy and businesses (recovery), and improving economic systems (reform)

Modern American Liberalism

government approach that regulates the economy, provides aid to poor and unemployed, and ensures economic security

Facism

militarist ideology characterized by intense nationalism + dictatorship

Sinking of the Maine

USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba during Spanish-American War

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which occurred in New York City in 1911, was a tragic industrial disaster where 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died due to unsafe working conditions and locked exit doors.

19th amendment

women voting

Lusitania Sinking

first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality due to German provocation

• Germans wanted Mexico to wage war against U.S. → U.S. enters WWI

Russian Revolution

dethroning of Russian czar, instituting a communist government in Russia

• deterred Americans from allying with Russia during WWI because communism is Bad

Great Migration

mass movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of better economic opportunities

Palmer Raids

a series of actions to arrest and deport radicals, including anarchists, socialists, and labor leaders, in response to bombings

• Growing concerns about civil liberties caused anti-German hysteria to die down

Strikes of 1919

labor protests across the U.S. through peaceful strike for higher pay

Birth of a Nation

portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heroes

Back-to-Africa movement

started by Marcus Garvey and wanted all African Americans to return back to Africa

Black Tuesday

date of the stock market crash that caused the Great Depression

Stock Market Crash

mass sale of stocks on Black Tuesday, plummeting its value

• Resulted in mass foreclosure of banks, causing the Great Depression

Repeal of Prohibition

passed with the 21st Amendment which repealed the 18th Amendment

• Lifted bans on alcohol production + sale, to create more jobs during the Depression

Japanese Aggression in Manchuria

Japan invaded Manchuria to set up a puppet government

• The League condemned the invasion but did nothing to stop it, and Japan left the League

Spanish Civil War

a conflict b/w fascist forces led by General Francisco Franco and republican forces, known as the Loyalists

• US aid was restricted by the Neutrality Acts

Battle of the Atlantic

Allies fought to control shipping lanes and counter German attacks

• Allies developed strategies, including radar, sonar, and bombing German naval bases

D-day

largest invasion in history; led by Allies, Canadian, American and British, to liberate Normandy from Germany

• Enabled Allied advancements into Germany

Battle of Midway

considered as the turning point in the Pacific Theater during WWII

• The US naval forces took out several Japanese ships and was a win for the US

• This stopped Japanese progression and expansion in the Pacific

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

atomic bomb dropped, causing Japan to surrender