Vocabulary: Eukaryotic cells

organelle

(n) bào quan

endoplasmic reticulum

lưới nội chất

Golgi apparatus

bộ máy golgi

chloroplast

(n) diệp lúc

mitochondrion

(n) ti thể

What is a phospholipid?

a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group

Function of nucleus

The most prominent organelle in a cell:

• houses the cell’s DNA

• directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

constitute

(v) to be or be considered as something: cấu thành

Nuclear Envelope

a double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost portion

hereditary

(a) di truyền

What is chromosomes?

The structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the hereditary material

Chromosomes are only visible and distinguishable from one another when

the cell is getting ready to divide.

Every eukaryotic species has a specific number of ___ in the nucleus of each cell.

chromosomes

aggregate

(v) tập hợp

What kind of synthesis are ribosomes responsible for?

protein synthesis

cluster

(n) cụm

What is mitochondria?

“powerhouses” or “energy factories” of both plant and animal cells because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule.

Structure of mitochondria

have their own ribosomes and DNA.

Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.

The inner layer has folds called cristae.

We call the area surrounded by the folds the mitochondrial matrix.

Function of peroxisomes

• carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.

• detoxify many poisons that may enter the body.

How can peroxisome detoxify poisons in the body?

• Many of these oxidation reactions release hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, which would be damaging to cells; however, when these reactions are confined to peroxisomes, enzymes safely break down the H₂O₂ into oxygen and water

fuse

(v) to join together physically, or to join things together physically:

(of ideas, cultures, musical styles, etc.) to combine or be combined together

hòa quyện

Animal Cells versus Plant Cells

Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes; whereas, most plant cells do not.

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole; whereas, animal cells do not.

What is lysosomes?

the cell’s garbage disposal

Enzymes within the lysosomes aid in breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.

These enzymes are active at a much lower pH than the cytoplasm's.

Therefore, the pH within lysosomes is more acidic than the cytoplasm's pH.

Many reactions that take place in the cytoplasm could not occur at a low pH, so again, the advantage of compartmentalizing the eukaryotic cell into organelles is apparent.

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have

have their own DNA and ribosomes