week 3 research questions and hypothesis questions

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to psychological research methods, including research questions, hypothesis testing, sampling, and the role of statistics.

Research Question

A central question that guides scientific inquiry by testing a hypothesis about a phenomenon of interest.

Good Research Question Characteristics

Includes clarity, conciseness, and complexity, requiring analysis rather than a yes/no answer.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The effect or output that depends on the manipulation of the Independent Variable (IV).

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the researcher manipulates to observe an effect.

Between-Subjects Design

A research design where different participants are assigned to each condition or group in an experiment.

Within-Subjects Design

A research design where the same participants are exposed to all conditions or levels of the independent variable.

Positive Correlation

A relationship where as one variable increases, so does the other.

Negative Correlation

A relationship where as one variable increases, the other decreases.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A statement of no effect, no difference, or no change, assumed in hypothesis testing.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

A statement suggesting there is an effect, difference, or relationship contrary to the null hypothesis.

Directional Hypothesis

Predicts the existence and direction of an effect or relationship.

Non-Directional Hypothesis

Suggests there is a difference or relationship but does not specify direction.

Sampling Frame

A comprehensive and accurate list necessary to avoid frame bias in sampling.

Sampling Bias

Errors in sampling resulting from non-random selection, affecting the representativeness.

Central Limit Theorem (CLT)

States that the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed with a large enough sample size.

Statistical Inference

The process of making conclusions about a population based on sample data.

Ethical Considerations in Sampling

Includes inclusivity and voluntary participation to ensure diverse populations are represented and protected.