thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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Empiricism
the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
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Structuralism
an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
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Introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes
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Functionalism
an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
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humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
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cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems
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cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language
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Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
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Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
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biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.
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behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
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biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
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psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
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social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
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testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
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SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
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Psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
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basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
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personality psychology
the study of individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
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social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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human factors psychology
a field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
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counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
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clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical
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community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
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Wilhelm Wundt
Known as the father of psychology. Created the first laboratory that was dedicated exclusively to psychology research.
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G Stanley Hall
Was one of Wundt’s students who became the first American to earn a PH.D. in psychology. He also opened the first psychology lab in the United States of America and became the first president of the American Psychological Association
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Edward Bradford Titchener
Student of Wilhelm Wundt (structuralism) and he studied the structure of the mind
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William James
Taught the first psychology course at Harvard University, wrote the first psychology textbook, and created the theoretical approach known as functionalism. Helped more women get into psychology, for example, Mary Whiton Calkins.
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Charles Darwin
Proposed the idea of natural selection. He argued that our behaviors and bodies were shaped through natural selection. Supported the theoretical approach known as evolutionary psychology.
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Mary Whiton Calkins
First woman president of the APA. Faced unequal treatment due to being a women. Significant contributions in memory research
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Margaret Floy Washburn
She is the first woman to earn a psychology degree and became the second female president ofthe APA. She also made a variety of contributions to animal research
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John B Watson
Known as the official founder of Behaviorism. He believed that
psychology should be scientific and observable
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B.F. Skinner
Expanded the theoretical approach of Behaviorism. He was known for operant conditioning which focuses on behaviors and consequences both positive and negative
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Sigmund Freud
Created the psychoanalytic theory, which was later changed to the psychodynamic approach. He focused on studying the unconscious and believed that people’s personalities are shaped by unconscious motives
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Carl Rogers
Is one of the founders of humanistic psychology. Made significant contributions to the research and understanding of people’s personalities
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Abraham Maslow
Created the hierarchy needs theory suggesting that people must satisfy their basic needs before they can achieve higher needs
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Ivan Pavlov
Was most known for his experiment with dogs and their digestion. He found that dogs would salivate at something besides food if the stimulus was continuously presented before the food. Classical conditioning
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Jean Piaget
Was the first psychologist to conduct a systematic study of cognitive development. He would eventually create a stage theory of child cognitive development
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Dorothea Dix
Helped reshape the medical field by highlighting the unfair and inhumane treatment of mentally ill people. She sought to reform insane asylums.