Nutrition Quiz Bowl

what does AA stand for

amino acid

adf

acid detergent fiber

ADIN

acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

AMP

adenosine monophosphate

BCS

body condition score

BHB

beta hydroxybutyrate

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

CF

crude fiber

CP

crude protein

DCAD

dietary cation-anion difference

DE

digestible energy

DM

dry matter

DMI

dry matter intake

FFA

free fatty acid

GIT

gastrointestinal tract

ME

metabolizable energy

MUN

milk urea nitrogen

NDF

neutral detergent fiber

NDIN

neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen

NE

net energy

NEL

net energy for lactation

NEFA

non-esterified fatty acid

NFC

non-fiber carbohydrates

NIR

near-infared reflectance

NPN

nonprotein nitrogen

NSC

nonstructural carbohydrates

PUN

plasma urea nitrogen

RDP

rumen-degradable protein

RFI

residual feed intake

RFQ

relative forage quality

RFV

relative feed value

define acid

a substance with a pH below 7

define alkaline

a substance with pH above 7

define amino acids

building blocks of true proteinsd

define anion

negatively charged ion or partivle

define annuals

plants that are seeded each year and whose growth are completed in one crop year

define baleage

wrapped, round bales of silage

define body condition scoring

method used to evaluate thinness or fatness in dairy cattlede

define buffer

any substance that can reduce changes in pH when an acid or alkali is added

define cation

positibely charged ion or particle

define chyme

feed material found in the small intestine

define crude protein

total protein in a feed

define cud

feed that a cow has regurgitated and is being re-chewed

define digestible energy

total energy in a feedstuff minus the energy lost in feces

define dry matter

portion of a feed that remains after water has been removed by drying in an oven

define eructation

belching of gas by ruminant animals as natural way for releasing gases produced during the fermentation process

define esophagus

tube that connects the mouth to the rumend

define essential amino acid

amino acids that must be provided in the diet

define fatty acids

building blocks of fats and lipids

define forage

vegetative portion of plants in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state that is fed to livestock

define functional amino acid

amino acid that regulates important biological functions other than just serving as a building block for true proteins

define green chop

forage harvested (cut and chopped) in the field and fed directly to livestock

define hay

dried forage (grasses, alfalfa, clovers) used for feeding farm animals

define mastication

chewing

define metabolizable energy

digestible enrgy minus the nergy lost in urine and gas

deine negative enrgy balance

occurs when the amount of energy taken into the body is less than the amount of energy required by the body

define net energy

actual amount of energy the body can use for growth, lactation, reproduction, and bobdy maintenance

define nonessential amino acids

amino acids that are produced by the cow and do not have to be provided in the diet

define nutrient

any chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body

define palatability

taste or likability of a feedstyff

define papillae

tiny, fingerlike projections that line the wall of the rumen

define perennials

plants that have a life cycle of more than two years

define pica

condition when animals eat inanimate objects that are not feed

define rumen degradable protein

protein or nitrogen that is degraded in the rumen by microorganisms and incorporated into microbial protein or freed as ammonia

define rumen undegradable protein

protein that passes through the rumen and is unchanged by microbes- also called by-pass protein

define rumination

process in ruminants when semi-liquid ingested feed is regurgitated into the esophagus, re-chewed, and re-swallowed for further digestion

define saliva

watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands

define saturated fatty acids

fatty acids that are completley hydrogenated, each carbon atom is associated with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; they have no double bonds

define silage(ensilage)

green forage that is chopped and put into a silo, where it is packed or compressed to exclude air and undergoes an acid fermentation (lactic and acetic acid) that retards spoilage

define total mixed ration

a blend of all feedstuffs (forages and concentrates) in one feed

define transition period

period from three weeks prior to calving to three weeks after calving

define unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids that are not completley hydrogenated, they have one or more double bonds

define villi

small projections that line the small intestine wall

what is the major buffer for maintining optimum rumen pH

saliva

how much saliva does the mature dairy cow produce per day

50-80 quarts

what are the functions of saliva

• moisten food

• provide fluid base for many nutrients

• lubricate food

• provide the prooer environment for bacterial growth

  • act as a buffer

how many compartments does dairy cow stomach have

four

what are the stomach compartments

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

the reticulum is also known as the ?

honeycomb

which stomach compartment is located closest to the heart

reticulum

where does hardware disease occur

reticulum

what compartment is also known as the fermentation vat

rumen

what is the largest compartment

rumen

what % of newborn calf’s stomach does rumen make up

25%

what % of mature cow’s stomach capacity does the rumen make up

80%

when do heifers have a fully functional rumen

6-8 months of age

what is the primary process that takes place in the rumen

fermentation

what are the types of organisms that live in the rumen and digest feed

bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

what gasses are produced in the rumen

carbon dioxide and methane

what is the ideal rumen pH

5.9-5.2

when is the rumen considered acidotic

when rumen pH drops below 5.9

what is omasum also known as

manyplies

what is the main function of the omasum

dehydration of partially digested food

what compartment is the enzyme and acid secreting portion of the ruminant stomach

abomasum

what compartment is called the true stomach

abomasum

what is the primary acid found in the abomasum

HCl

what are the segments of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

where are fats broken down

small intestine