the quest for civil rights

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery

14 Amendment (1868)

granted citizenship to those born in the US, known as the Civil Rights Amendment because it states everyone has "equal protection under the law" & "due process," used in the Plessy v. Ferguson & Brown v Board of Ed. Court cases

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

How and why did balck amricnas fight for civil rights 1917-55?

- ww1 black americans found they still had to stuggle for equality and faced discrmination,segration and violence segration led to ssvere discrmination .

what was life like in teh south

- huge inequlity and injustice for balck people .

- balck poeple were educated in balck schools which were equipped and low pay

HOWEVER some did become lawyeres and docters

what was the impact of jim crow laws

Southern states passed segregation laws to seperate white and black people in private and public facilities

- less people vote due to vioence so rejestration vote dropped 130+ 1896 to 1,300 in 1904

lyching

-some white people felt that segration was not enough and people need to be terrotising into obdeince .Lyching -579 balcks men

- emmet till (attracted publicity -

kkk

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

did teh fedral goverment interve in the south

- blacl people lost poltical power as thwy lost their chance to vote which took back from acheieving equality

- balck people are to be separe but equal

- hardining spoke out against lyching and broadly in favour of civil rghts 30+

HOWEVER coolidge ccommited laisses faire

- when depression hits and icvil right is forgotten

what was the imoact of movig north 1917-32

- 17-32 there is is a wave of black migration from the south to the north and east great igrtaion

40 perecent moed to cities like chicgco

- this was after the civil war for betwter jobs/wages

balck populations in new york

- 1910 - 91+

-1920 - 152+

-1930-327+

what was lifedueing migration

- a place to stay / job

-bad conditions housing

-some lived in surbabs

-but most was poor

what was the impact of the migration

- population of the cities rose sharply

- cities were black migrates setteled in a eas that coinced with voting wards ,balck popel have sigmificant in poltics

- black poepl eistened to more powerful buisness orientetd balck eliyte a grew vetsed intrest in segrations

- segreation made it possiblen for nbalck poeple to be in higher regard as they able tonget balck poepl vote

- new yprk high balck poupulation

- churhces signfcant bae for orgamsing civil right protest

balck migranst disloged white 0rker as the want better condtions thsi enabled business to put pressure on whiteboler to lose their jobs

what impact did migration have in south

- as migration increced to north

- labour force shrank and the farming ares of the south alredy having a ecnomic promblems

-poorest farmers suffered

- jim crow still valid

what was the impact of the new deal

- in 1930 balck vote republican to demicract becsue of new deal

- roosveklt did appoint balck adviosrs becuse he need the uspport of blck americans to win

excuitve order 8802

banning racial discrmination in teh defenmce industry in rder to get asmany people to war work regarless of colour

-

roovelt new dela mesures

- to be colour blind he set up agenicies to provide relidf and work and put pople onto work projects by merut alone

HOWEVER

nalckk were mived off projects to make way for whites

- balck farmer were sacked for space for hwite worker

- social security provison s of teh new deal did not apllay to balck famrers

- balck officals in gov protest anbd advised AS A rESeULT nra regulated wages and working condtions and miumum wge for balck and white poepkle but were often ignored

- soem new deal mesures did help americans beucse their sitution eg tehy able to have low income housing and because the poorest people are balck .

why did people protest agaist the new deal

-due to the inequality of black for new deal

- They set NACCP took cases to for balck to be inncconet

- camoig for civil right and eqaulity

- balck church organsations set up support sytems for balck citzens during the deppreison

-

who is father divine ?

he set up peace mission church group set up resturants and shops that sold food and supplies to black people at loewer coast tahn white run stores

what is the Houswives league

'dont buy what u cant work ' campign to boycottt stores in black districts until they hired balck wokers

segreation

- depression hit balck people hard with no help

exuitive order 7072

1935 - resettele low income families in new housing and to leng moeny wjere need

-helped only 3000 famreres out of 200k blacks

due to the ineqaulity what did balck people petition

- 1939 2 mil signed a petion asking federal aid to move to africa

what was the balck americans gains for ww2

- BA did not benfit from waronly white

- roosvelt order did not deal with mitary segration but factory need more people and balck poeple found a chance to push for eqaulity

-1942 3% BA defence woker to 8%

-high viloence and stikes by whte poeple over having to wrok with them .

- Pos(many towns set realtion comittee to investigate improvements becsue the stike swere damiging war effort

-shortage of wokers made back people do skille dwork

- as result many americans still rcaist and segrartion

what impact did president Truman have ?

- truman support civil rights busy with cold war

- prsident comitee which called for equal opportuntiues in work/housing

-milatry desrgation

exuxtive order 9981

miltary desegregation 1948

What is the Untied Nations?

1945 to bulid better better world and deconslation and human right sand racial theories of whit esupermacy is wrong

- naccp did it gain any civil rights BA

Fighting for Civil Rights: from legal challenge to direct action 1917 - 55 = FACTORS

Tatics - used non violnece protsest ,boycotting ,sit ins

- wnet to law to get enforced

-Naccp and national urban league grew .

naccp memb

- rose after wars

- 9000 in 1917

to 90,000 in 1919

to 600k in 1946

What did the Separatists believe?

-That balck americahns were never going to have true equality with whites

- embarces sehrtaion and fight for eqaul condtions with in it

- marcurus gravey back to afrcia movement

Thugrood marshall

- fist balck amrican to serve on superme court

- wokerd on boared vs boared of eductaion case

legal challenges

NAACP set up in 1910 had the aim of giving blacks their legal rights

They campaigned against lynching, using pamphlets, demonstrations and marches, and petitioning congress. Laws were brought to congress but were blocked

They took segregation to court, Plessy vs Ferguson was difficult to get around but they said it wasn't equal

They provided lawyers to black people who had been framed

The success of legal challenges

The NAACP won some cases in the 30s and 40s, and every case in the 50s

However S.C. didn't enforce rulings, lack of time limits like in Brown Board of Education 2 "all deliberate speed"

Some schools integrated v quickly, others took over 10 years.

10 After the ruling 1% of Black kids were in an integrated school in the South

The rulings caused organisations like White Citizens Council to form which fought integration and civil rights, by 56 they had 250,000 members

The legal challenges were useless without enforcement

the NAACP then targeted housing in 1950

Brown v. Board of Education of topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

direct action

- due to increce of memb of organstion like naccp tehy saw that the legal ruling swere not engough want to make a chnage

- marches exist eg silent proestet oardase for lyching/anti-black riots BUT protest deveolped diffrently

-more local retsterd increced (boycoot,picketing

- CORRe held sit in nortehr citues to desgreate public faclities

- FELLOWSHIP OF RECONCILLATIon riding to souther staes to desergete them

The rules of non violent protest

Dress as well as you could, seem respectable

Don't be loud or abusive

Don't fight back

Support govt., govt. will support u

CORE had blacks and whites working together

what was the impact of black Americans fight for civil rights 1955-80

1955 motegmorey bus boycott brought civil rights leader to promience and began to shift in teh way of civil right campighn were run

-media caught attention of civil rights

changing patterns and approches -1955-80

- civil right cmaoaigner were aware ussue of puvlic eye

-media changed

The Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.- 1956

- media

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement

- got media attention

-in 1957 set up SCLC

- gpt arrested many times media attention

Campaigning in the South

Focus of CRs campaign shifted to Deep South, where it was often very clear who was the oppressor and who was the oppressed.

-Many Southerners saw nothing wrong with racism/segregation/violence.

-The campaigners wanted to exploit this, and expose the results of these attitudes to the gov in Washington and to the world.

-Campaign focused on integrating those schools, unis and colleges that were still, despite B vs BOE ruling, segregated.

Particular schools were targeted, in areas where the NAACP had a strong following and the local black communities, as in Montgomery, had dedicated leaders and members.

- the school boards chose a few black children out of the many who applied..

Little Rock, Arkansas

1957 -Desegregation at Central High School. Governor refuses to support. Eisenhower send federal troops to help integration.

Greensbro Sit in

1960 -College students organized protests of all white lunch counters at Woolworth department stores; despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters; many of the many participants formed SNCC

The student nonviolent coordinating committee (sncc)

- young people belived in non violent dirct action and students all took training sessions to cope with abuse/vilonce from whites in demostartions .

- push for voter regsitartion for blacsk

Freedom rides

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

- failure as there was severe vilovce and attcksn

- media coverge

Birmigham

1963 - bombing within business and churches

-king and slc pushed desgrate the whole town

- tatic of getting arrested and making them full

-knew it would provoke violence

- Kennedy sent troops to calm down

- brigigam was desegregate

- media coverge shocked poeple

- march on washigton became faous (mlk speech

- in bri 42 % thought race was usa mist pressing promblem

Freedom Summer (1964)

a voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups, the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists

-only 1,600 votes accpeted

what was the impact black militancy ?

- SNCC chmnaged the face of campaigning BUT most of members were white and young

- did not like this black people adovacted for black militancy

- Malcolm x in 1965 organisation set up that sparked the black power movement .

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

- did not like white pople adcoaing for civil rights

-assicnation 1965

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

-the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

- due to the 1965 balck power movement

Ten Point Program

Called for black empowerment, an end to racial oppression, and control of major institutions and services in the African Americn community

-included decent housing and balck histry corce at uni

- the panthers worked in balck communities ,keeping in order but also organsing community projetst liek free breakfsst for scholl children

- ste up for balck people equal job opporutunities

riots

1964 major riots in new york,chiago,phily

-set because of police brutality

- gov intervention calm violnce

- media coverge of of riots teh asuslt of whites HELP hasten civil legislation but brought white backlash .

The northern crusade

-1966 to improve slums by setting up tenant unions, improving working conditions & teaching young about non-violent protest.

-Seen as a failure due to bringing no permanent change but King claimed significant gains.

- harder to get poltiical suort for social issues for segreation

- media and king relatioship was mad as they made non vileint camoigners to be millatant

poor people campign

1967 - took up issues for poverty and camp in washigton

- strikes

- assinated in camps

The impact of civil legaislation

- civil rights

- voting rights acts ,enforce legislation

- campigns were to be a struggle as they would incrce of violnce

- black children sevred hatred in school

-in 1965 NACCP want to enforce legislation for chanmge due to the succs of other legaislation .

28 August 1963

March on Washington nearly 500k

Civil Right Act

1964

-this act banned segregation in voting ,public services and work

- equal opportunties commisom is set up to enforce this .

Voting Rights Act

1965

- banning in attempts to stop people voting because of the rcae

excuitve order 1106

- bans discrmination in the allocation of federal housing

Emergency School Aid Act

1970 gives funding tos chool that are desgrated

eductaion ammedemnts act

1972-restricts busing by giving more moeny to inner city schools for improvemnets

achievements

-since 1961 there has been a series of presendtianl excuitive order to introduce affrinative action against the discmination

1)black american able to be upper class and able to model to white sciety and proof there are eqaulkity to white and black

- incrcaced of black proffesional to higher eductaion ,gov and balck poltians at federal leval

-2)on a socia ecnomic empolyment 7-75 lab

- proffestional back americnas men moved to avergae of 16 in 1940 to 31- 1980

-the score black woemn 21-36

- black americans succes in tv and sportys ,book

- homwowership and balck graduates incrreaced

3) black amricans vote increced after 1968

- in 1966 -58%

- in 1980 - 60%

limit to success

- limiit to civil legsilation as hardly balck epople able to reach the american dream an equal leavel with white americnas

-The passing of CRA/VRA meant that were not to be followed and was not an advance

(minority quota it creates limits eg less job for black becuse of white )

- riots and violence less symathitc of civil rights

- death of king loss of hope

- war vietnam issure

- black people are very poor (in segreated schools in poor areas)

-balck baies die quick,children less succes and drop out school

- gang culture ,ghetoos ,crimes rate higher

- in 1980 75% balck high school drop outs

Native Americans

-gov polices towars the native americans managed by the federeal beru of indian affairs (bia) shifterd between breaking up or supoorting tribal existenece .

-roosevelt wanted indian tribes to run in constinusational way

-The bia encourged NA to move to town/cities ofeerig traing and housing BUT disrupting tribal councils

what did the hous of represtives pass?

-1953 passed a resoultiobn 'termination' (freed NA from federal control and proteced by us laws ,lost of tribe trust )

-Na resited termination as need tribe consent

The issues of native americnacs

tribal homelands -NA has been froced from homeland

- gov made treaties with indiv by giving mekny and housing for removal

- relsied is unfair and want new treaties and return to homlands

another isseue for native americans

self detrmination - tribes had long insya postion is usa

- independent nations under federal gov

-tribes ran their own affairs but only yyin their own reservation and control of bia

-Bia image of breaking up india culture and triabl cohesion

-eg making chldern to go to americna school ,look like them and speak english

AS RESULT wanted respect for tribal organsations ,freedom to run own affairs due to mistrust of BIA

organsied protest

-in 1968 indian civil rights banned tribes from restricting civil rights of tribal meners did not make changes

-AIM created with young urban people

-The national congress of amrican indian (worked in system )

- AIM took a radical ,anti federal and slogan 'Red power'

-used direct action like BAeg sit is

- spedcifci to issue with honelands

-AIM targerted NA cuture by white people in tehir red indian culture

The voulenatry recolation programme

- The indian recolation act

- in 1952 to encrge asmaltion

-1956 encorged NA aged 18-35 to move to specified town for work and new lifetyle

- By 1950 ,22-30 were to be moved back home

-HOWEVER as Na returned teh tribal structure was discolsed

who is the ARPM?

alctruz red power takes over alectrez island (us prison and occupies until 1971

what is AIM mebership

in 1971-4,500 out of indian american populaton 1 mil

- Aim violne from their indian culture

walk of NA feb- july

1978- long walk to sanfran to washigton to protest removal of american india from homleans and against congress treaties

AIm protest of broken treaties

-1972 a prostet drive to washigton to prostes outside the BIA to negatiote new treaties

how did nixon help NA

- rejected both termination and forced assmioanaation

- his advisors consulted triabl aleaders on soultion

- nixon brought brill to congress for indian auntonaomy

indian eductaion act

1972 funds for tribal school

indian fainacing act

1974 which lent tribes funding

Indian Self-Determination Act

In 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

Voting Rights Act

1975 extened to cover mireradical groups and to provide languse assiastence when voting

The child welfare act

1978- gave NA more control over the adoption of native arican children

what did congress do to help Na

-reuturned land at blue lake t the talos pubelo tribe

-askla native claims settle actt trannsffered 40 mil acres of land and 462k to nativve alskans

what were the limaitation for NA

- Nixon admistarion didnt refirm teh BIA nr did nixon regonationate about the NA sacred sites

- NO overall solve to land issues for example hawaii 1971 cintinued to evuct indians from land if teh state want a bulding or other use

Hispanic Americans

- a ,mix of mexcio and pirto rican and cuba

- purta ruca tend to live in poorer areas of northern cities eg new york

cuband tend to live florida

-mexican tened to settele in cal/tex on wokring land

-BARCERO prog to work but was often underpayed and also seen by other farm to be taking job

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

-4.6 milian signed contract

issues 1 : land

- after the american an dmexico war as result led to settle a baored from teh mexican and usa

- mexico living in areas that beacoe americans could becone usa citzen or recolate to mexico

- The issue of land rights is what beacuse the new mexci beacem a focsu of protest

isssue 2 workers right

-Hispanic farm workers esp bac prog often had bad wokring/living condtons

- many dont have inions so diffuclut to make chnage

issue 3 discimiagtion

same issues as the balck

- lived in spanish spekaing cues (barriois ) in worst parts of town with poor gov prosion

issue 4 deportation

- us immiagartion services from 1953 depprted millions hispanic (3.8 mil active protest in opertaion wetback

opernation wetback

1953 -58 - us gov drive to find illegal mexican immiahransr an dreturn to mexico

What did Ceasar Chavez do?

-spoke for wokers right to rallies to moblise hsipanic voters in law

- non violnet camaoign for the rights of farmerd wokers and woking condtions

- set up farm union with stikes ,marches,protets

- rallied alll over la

What did Reies Lopez Tijerina do?

-organsised prostest about mexican land rughts in new mexcio

- stated with legal protest but no sussceful changes and held dmesostartaions ,camp in in n ational forest land

-He an black power signed agreement tow rok together

- in 1967 lopez wnet to courthouse to make a citzen arrest of abus distrct attory HOWEVER wnet wrong and they took histages and gun battle

What did Rodolfo Gonzales do?

-Focus on race

-first wokered for hispanic rights within the system eg dircetor of denver war on poverty campign but came to favour on radical methods

- crusde of justice offerred of balck oride and stressining the importnace of racial idenity and need to fight for hispanic right by direct action

- eg influced a stundnet walk out by urban youth including YCCA which had contact with balck power movement

What did Jose Angel Gutierrez do?

The la raza unida party ,He encouraged Hispanics to register to vote and supported those who were elected or running for office.

- it campaigned for better wor ,hoduing snf eductaion

who are the brown berets ?

- young,millitat organsations set up in 1967 in law

- wokre unifrom like the balck panthers

- campiaged against polic brutaility and led school walk outs

-by 1968 there was brown beeretr mebers in most urban cnetres with hispanic population

what union chavez set up

1962 -NFWA national farm wokers asscoasiation )

what is a n example of chavez demostation

- chavez goes on 25 day hunger fast . rob kenndy joins him for the end of the fast .

- moddled on ghandi

another example of walk out of hispanics

- 100k mexiacan school in east la protetsing the cindtions

what organsations were set by young purto ricans

1969 - young lords orgnasation moddled on the black pantheres eve down to providning clubs for school children

what was eg of brown beret demstaion

- march of 1,000 miles from calexio to sacrmento to prostest against police brutaility and all form of discrmination

chaves fast ?

1972 arizona agaoist farm labour laws

what happened to farmers in 1973

- 1970 farm workers are not renewed ,widepread stikes ,demonstrtaions and thoudand are arrest and two killed