biology of algae midterm 1

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)-pigment

chlorophyll a and phycobillins

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)-storgae

cyanophycean starch

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)-cell wall

peptidoglycan

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)-key features

prokaryotic, gas valucoles,heterocysts,toxic blooms

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)-pigment

chlorophyll a&b

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)-storage

true starch

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)-cell wall

cellulose

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)-key features

mostly freshwater,evolutionary link to land plants

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)-pigments

chlorophyll a,phycobilins

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)-storage

floridean starch

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)-cell wall

polysaccharides

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)-key features

no flagella,triphasic life cycle

Chromophyta (Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae)-pigment

cholorophyll a,c and fucoxanthin

Chromophyta (Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae)-storage

laminarin and chrysolaminarin

Chromophyta (Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae)-cell wall

cellulose with alginc acids

silica

Chromophyta (Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae)-key features

diatoms:frustules,pennate (motile)vs centric(non motile)

brown algea:kelp and alginates

Chrysophytes & Synurophytes-pigment

chlorophyll a,c and fuxoxanthin

Chrysophytes & Synurophytes-storage

chrysolaminarin

Chrysophytes & Synurophytes-cell wall

silicilous scales (synurids)

Chrysophytes & Synurophytes-key features

freshwater, mixotrophic

heterocysts(cyanobacteria)

specialized nitrogen fixing cells,thick walls,enzyme nitrogenase

akinetes(cyanobacteria)

resting spores for survival under extreme conditions

gas vaculoes

help algae adjust buoyancy by filling or collapsing vesicles, allowing them to move up for photosynthesis or down for nutrients.

diatom frustule(1)

silica shell, epivale and hypovalve,raphe(motility),straie and punctae (pores for gas exchange)

tannis(brown algae)

anti-herbvory,uv protection,fertilization control,epiphyte inhibition

alginate (brown algea)

used industrially for thickening in food and cosmetics

primary endosymbiosis

cyanobacteria englufed by an ancestral eukaryote leading to the first chloroplasts (glauophytes,rhodophyta,chlorophyta)(2 membranes)

secondary endosymbiosis

a eukaryotic alga (red or green alga) was engulfed by another eukaroyte forming more complex groups( chromophytes(diatoms,brown algae,chrysophytes),cryptophytes,euglinds,dinoflagellates)(3 or 4 membranes)

phycobillins

cyanophyta,rhodophyta,cryptophyta

fucoxanthin

brown algae,diatoms,chrysophytes,synurophytes

chlorophyll A&B

procholorophytes,green algae, and ;and plants

haplontic algae example

chlamydomonas(chlorophyta)

haplotonic

haploid-dominant,diploid zygote only

haplodiplontic algae example

laminaria(kelp), ectocarpus

haplodiplontic

alternation of generations

diplontic algae example

fucus(brown algea)

diplontic

no free living haploid stage

diatom reproduction(asexual)

each daughter cell receives one half of the frustule-the size decreases over generations

Diatom reproduction (sexual)

formation of auxospores restores cell sizes

brown algae reproduction(ectocarpus)

isomorphic alternation of generations

brown algae reproduction(laminiaria)

heteromorphic alternation of generations

brown algae reproduction(fucus)

diplontic gametes directly from sporophyte

Diatoms in Paleolimnology(A/C ratio)

used to infer past lake conditions

Diatoms in Paleolimnology(Low A/C ratio)

oligotrophic

low nutrients,centric diatoms dominate)

Diatoms in Paleolimnology(high A/C ratio)

Eutrophic

high nutrients,pennate diatoms dominate

microcystin algal group

microcystis(cyanobacteria)

microcystin effect

liver toxin

saxitoxin algal group

anabaena (cyanobacteria)

saxitoxin effct

paralytic shellfish posioning

domoic acid algal group

pseudo-nitzschia(diatoms)

domoic acid effect

amnesci shellfish poisoning

aureococcus algal group

brown tide algae

Aureococcus effect

reduces light,seagrass death

How do heterocysts function in nitrogen fixation?

they have thick walls to block oxygen,which would inhibit nitrogenase

they fix nitrogen (N₂ → NH₃) and transfer it to adjacent cells

pennate diatoms(motile)

can either have a raphe on both valves (biraphid diatoms) or lack a raphe entirely (araphid diatoms). The raphe system is used for movement in benthic environments.

What is the role of fucoxanthin in chromophytes?

a brown pigment that aids photosynthesis by absorbing blue-green light

Socio-Economic Importance of Algae (Diatomaceous Earth)

used in flitartion (beer,swimming pools),insectidies and abrasives (toothpaste)

Socio-Economic Importance of Algae

Socio-Economic Importance of Algae(Brown Algae (Alginates)

thickner in food(ice cream),cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

Socio-Economic Importance of Algae(Cyanobacteria in Biotechnology)

nitrogen fixation for agriculture,spirunilina as a protein source

Socio-Economic Importance of Algae(Forensic Investigations)

diatom frustules in drowning cases help determine location of death /,

thallus

the cortex cells are primarily photosynthetic, while the medulla cells function in storage and transport of nutrients. This structural differentiation is especially seen in large brown algae (Phaeophyceae) like kelps (Laminaria, Macrocystis).

electron microscopy

detailed morphological analysis of algal cells

electrophoresis

used to seperate protiens, DNA or RNA based on their size and charge

chromatography

used for biochemical pigment analysis

radioisotopes

used for tracking metabolic pathways(e.g carbon fixation using c-14 isotopes)

3D structure analysis

confocoal microscopy or computed (CT) scanning

periplast covering

specialized cell covering found in euglenophytes. it consists of a corruglated plasma membrane with protein strips,muciferous bodied and mictrotubules in depressions allowing for flexibility and shape changes

cryptophytes

periplast consists of hexagonal or rectangular protien shapes inside the plasma membrane

diatom frustules

made of interlocking epivavle and hypovavle

algae groups (Cool Cats Really Chase Giant Dark Evil Creatures)

C - Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)
C - Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
R - Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
C - Chromophyta (Brown Algae, Diatoms, Chrysophytes, etc.)
G - Glaucophyta (Glaucophytes)
D - Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates)
E - Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
C - Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads)

heteroknotous

two diffrent flagella:one hairy,one smooth

chrmophyta(brown algae,diatoms,chrysophytes)

dinokontous

two flagella in perpendicular grooves

acronematic

smooth, whip like flagella

green algae,some cryptophytes

pantonematic

hairy flagella with mastigonemes

euglenophyta

cryptokontous

short flagella hidden inside a groove

cryptophyta

trichome

linear arrangemnt of cells found in filmentous cyanobacteria and some other algae. they can break into frgaments as part of asexual reproduction

What group of algae contains cyanelles instead of true chloroplasts?

Glaucophyte

synurid

golden algae with silica scales arranged in a radical pattern. they are freshwater algae

In the order Laminariales, sperm are produced in the

Plurilocular gametangium of the haploid gametophyte stage