Bio 1114 - Exam 3 ANIMALS

animals do not have

cell walls. they are heterotrophs.

types of feeding

suspension, bulk, liquid

movement

mostly motile, some sessel.

reproduction

• diploid

• sperm and egg fuse to make an oogamete

classification

• derived from the opistikonta (posterior flagella)

asymmetry

sponge

radial symmetry

hydra…muliple planes

bilateral symmetry

crayfish…only one plane

specific features of development

• zygote —> blastula —> gastrulation —> gastrula

triploblastic

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

protostomes

• spiral cleavage

• determinate cleavage

• blastospore becomes mouth

deuterostomes

• radial cleavage

• indeterminate cleavage

• blastospore becomes anus

three body cavity

acoelomate, psedocoelomate, coelomate

acoelomate

flat worms…no body cavity.

pseduocoelomate

has muscles but not along the full animal/digestive tract

coelomate

has body cavity and muscles to move food throughout

segmentation

annelida, arthropoda, chordata

annelida

each ring is a segment

arthropoda

developed specialized appendages on many segments

Chordata

muscles and backbones

ctenophores

not the most basal

phylum porifera body plan

• first mulicellular animals

• no movement, sessile

• water movement in through the ostium

freshwater sponges

• water enters into ostium

• encrusting

• produce gamules during winter

porifera classification

base on skeletons. many are made of glass to handle the pressure

cnidarians

mainly jellyfish, sponges, and corals. radial symmetry and stinging cells. gastrovascular cavity with single opening

gastrovascular cavity

It acts as a dual-purpose system, serving both for digesting food and circulating nutrients throughout

sponges do not have true

tissues, nerves, muscles

medusae

the free-swimming, umbrella- or bell-shaped gelatinous stage in the life cycle of cnidarians,

ocelli

simple photoreceptor organs, or "little eyes," found on the heads of most insects and many other arthropods. Unlike large compound eyes that form complex images, ocelli typically consist of a single lens used to detect changes in light intensity, movement, and direction

polyp

the sessile (attached) body form characterized by a hollow, cylindrical stalk. It is attached at one end to a surface, while the opposite end features an upward-facing mouth surrounded by tentacles used to capture prey

large mesoglea in the medusa because

they are motile

nematocysts

an explosive stinging organelle found inside specialized cells on the tentacles of cnidarians, such as jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones

statocysts

a sensory organ of balance and orientation found in many aquatic invertebrates, such as jellyfish, mollusks, and crustaceans

classifications

o   Hydrozoa: 2700 sp. (hydras, some corals & Portuguese man-of-war); polyp & medusa

o   Scyphozoa: 200 sp. (jellyfish); medusa dominant, polyp stage used for production of medusae

o   Anthozoa: 6,000 sp. (sea anemones, sea fans, most corals); polyps only

o   Cubozoa: 20 sp. (box jellies, sea wasps) medusa & polyp; well-developed eyes

cubozoa

20 sp. (box jellies, sea wasps) medusa & polyp; well-developed eyes

anthozoa

6,000 sp. (sea anemones, sea fans, most corals); polyps only!!

scyphozoa

200 sp. (jellyfish); medusa dominant, polyp stage used for production of medusae. have septa and gastrovascular cavity

hydroza

2700 sp. (hydras, some corals & Portuguese man-of-war); polyp & medusa

ctenophores

• Hermaphrodites (have both ovaries and testes)

• Tentacles w/ colloblasts…stick to prey

• Mouth + 2 anal pores

• Bioluminescence

• complete gut.

• no true organs

• they float

• has cilia but they provide limited movement

cnidocil

triggered by prey, to discharge and sting prey

phylum platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, tapeworms with 3 germ layers

Flatworm body

o   Three embryonic germ layers

o   No circulatory or respiratory systems…gas exchange through skin

o   Predatory

o   Gut w/ single opening

o   Branched gastrovascular cavity

o   Muscular pharynx

o   Protonephridia w/ ciliate flame cells…pump to get rid of excess water

o   Ocelli (light sensing)

o   Cerebral ganglia & lateral nerve cords w/ transverse nerves

• Most hermaphroditic…dont fertilize their own eggs

• body cavity is filled with jelly

penis fencing

fight to impregnate your opponent

reproduction of flatworms

class turbellaria

free living flatworms

class monogenea

fish flukes

class trematoda

liver, blood flukes. complicated lifecycles and several secondary hosts

class cestoda

tapeworms, several hosts, proglottids. uses hooks and suckers

lophotrochozoa

a massive superphylum of invertebrate animals—including mollusks (snails, octopuses), annelids (earthworms, leeches), and flatworms. The name combines the two primary features shared by many members: a lophophore (a horseshoe-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding) and a trochophore (a distinct, free-swimming ciliated larva)

trematode life cycle

alternating between sexual reproduction in a definitive host (a vertebrate, like humans) and massive asexual reproduction in an intermediate host (usually an aquatic snail)

phylum rotifera

2,000 species

ciliate corona for movement and feeding

freshwater bottom dwellers…standing water

mouth and anus

mastax = pharynx and jaw

jointed foot

odd reproduction…o   Some sp. parthenogenetic (no meiosis) 2n eggs à females

o   Other sp. (meiosis) à mictic eggs (n)

§  Unfertilized egg à degenerate ♂ à sperm + mictic egg = thick shelled egg à favorable conditions à ♀

lophophore

ciliary feeding and respiratory structure. crown of hollow tentacles. u shaped gut.

phylum bryozoa

• moss animals

• 4500 species

• most colonial

• u shaped gut

• aquatic

• zoecium = chitin or calcium carbonate exoskeleton

• zoids for fertilization or protection of the colony

phylum brachiopoda

• Two shells; “clam like”

• Aquatic bottom dwellers

• two lophophore tenticles

• Pedicle = muscular structure for attachment

• 0.5 – 8cm long

• 300 sp.

• 30,000 fossil species (Paleozoic & Mesozoic)

mollusks

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

• soft, unsegmented bodies

• organs

mollusk body plan

• foot

• visceral mass

• open circulatory system…sinuses for blood

• mantle - secretes the shell

• gill for movement

• muscles

• organs!!

• radula - chitin teeth to scrape food off of rocks

mollusk larvae

tropchophore - FIRST STAGE a small, free-swimming, ciliated larval stage found in the life cycles of most aquatic mollusks and marine annelids. Hatching from a fertilized egg, it drifts as plankton

veliger - SECOND STAGE It follows the earlier trochophore stage and is uniquely characterized by the velum—a pair of ciliated, sail-like lobes used for swimming, respiration, and filter-feeding

class polyplacophora

• chitons

• marine

• 8 plated shell

class gastropoda

• marine, fresh water, and terrestrial

• most coiled shell

• slugs without shells

• radula - for scraping food

• slugs and snails

class bivalvia

• marine and fresh water

• clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

• hinge shell

• adductor muscle

• most filter feeders with siphons

• can produce bistle threads

class cephalopoda

• squid, nautili, octopi

• marine

• shell absent

• nautilus has shell

• tentacles with suckers

• food = muscular siphon

• developed nervous system

• active hunter

• keen eyesight

• can learn by watching

• closed circulatory system

phylum annelida

• segmented worms

• 15,000 species

• setae = chitinous bristles

• parapodia

annelida body plan

• external and internal segmentation

• complete digestive system

• hyrostatic skeleton with circular an longitudinal muscle

• nervous system

• closed circulatory system

• dioecious and hermaphroditic species

• setae = chitinous bristles

Anneli group Errantia

• mostly marine

• metameric fleshy appendages

• developed heads

• some have jaws

• most burrow

• many filter feed

Major Annelid group Sedentaria

• class clittelata

• subclass oligochaetea

• includes earthworms

• soil conditioning

• subclass hirundinea

— no setae, parasitic with suckers, medicinal use

ecdysis

the biological process of shedding or molting an outer cuticular layer, exoskeleton, or skin. It is essential for the growth and development of animals with rigid outer coverings—such as arthropods

cuticle

the non-cellular outer layer that covers the bodies of organisms, such as plants, invertebrates, and human skin or hair

key features of nematodes

• Bilaterally symmetry

• Pseudocoelomate

o Collagen cuticle that is periodically shed

o Longitudinal musculature produces “thrashing” = snake-like movement

• Complete digestive system:

no circulatory system

reproduction of a nematodes

• most are dioecious

• internal fertilizatoin

• both free living and parasitic

ascaris lumbricoides

• parasitic form

• giant human roundworm, infects an estimated 800 million people globally through the fecal-oral route.

hookworms

• parasitic

• round worm that feeds on human blood

• pinworms are similar… just smaller

wuchereria bancrofti

a parasitic, thread-like roundworm responsible for approximately 90% of all cases of lymphatic filariasis. lymphatic blockage

phylum arthropoda is…

• the largest animal phylum

• terrestrial, fresh water, and marine

• segmentation

arthropoda body plan

• chitin exoskeleton that is periodically shed

• jointed appendages

• cephaliation

• compound eyes

• open circulatory system

• complete digestive system

• tranceal system

• exretion

subphylum trilobita: early extinct arthropods

• extinct marine group

• most bottom dwellers

subphylum chelicerata:

• spiders, scropitions, mites, ticks

• two segmetned body

• no antennae

• chellicerae = 1st appendage

• pedipalps = 2nd appendage

order aranea

o   Few w/ venom toxic to humans

§  Black widow (Lactrodectus mactans) [neurotoxic venom]

§  Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) [histolitic venom]

o   Silk production

§  Spinnerets = silk producing organs

order scorpionida

o   Abdomen w/ stinger

o   Few w/ venom toxic to humans

§  Centruroides SW US

o   Give birth to live young

o   UV reflectance

order acari

o Single segmented body

o Free living & parasitic forms

o Parasitic forms:

 Chiggers: spreads typhus

 Follicle mite (Demodex brevis)

 Mange mite (Demodex canis)

 Ticks (Transmit Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever, etc.)

subphylum myriapoda

• millipedes and centipedes

• o   Have mandibles

  o   One pair antennae

  o   Body divided into head & trunk

  o   Terrestrial

class dilopoda

• millipedes

• o   Herbivores

  o   Two pairs of legs per segment

  o   Toxic repellent secretions

class chilopoa

• centipedes

• o   Predators

  o   One pair of legs per segment

  o   Claw-like venomous maxillipeds beneath head

subphylum hexapoda

• insects and relatives

• Entomology = study of insects

o   One million species described; 9 million undescribed

o   Most terrestrial, some freshwater, few marine

o   Economically important group:

§  Crop pests

§  Disease vectors

§  Pollinators

Decomposers

key features of insects

• Most with 2 pairs thoracic wings

• Three pairs thoracic legs

• Variable mouthparts (inc. labrum, mandibles, maxillae, & labium)

o Chewing

o Sucking

o Lapping

there are __ orders of insects

35

reproduction of insects

• separate sexes

• internal fertilization

• metamorphosis that can be complete or incomplete

incomplete metamorphosis

o   (grasshopper)

§  Egg

§  Nymph….no polyp stage

§  Adult

complete metamorphosis

(butterfly)

 Egg

 Larva

 Pupa

 Adult

social insects

living with members. there is a king, queen, and workers and soldiers.

crustacean body plan

• Most w/ 2 body regions:

o   Cephalothorax = fusion of head & thorax

§  Carapace = protective thoracic shield

§  Two pairs antennae

§  Mouthparts (mandibles, maxillae, maxillipeds)

§  Most w/ five pairs walking legs

o   Abdomen

§  Swimmerets (ventral)

§  Tail (terminal telson, lateral uropods)

• Predators & suspension feeders  

• Separate sexes

• Internal fertilization

• Larval stages

o   Nauplius = 1^st stage

 

class cirripedia

barnacles

class malacostraca

order isopoda and decapoda (crabs and lobsters)

phyum echinodermata includes

sea stars, sea urchins, and species with vascular systems

symmetry of phylum echinodermata

• Marine deuterostomes 

• Headless adults w/ radial symmetry

• Bilaterally symmetric larvae

• Simple nervous system

  • No brain

• Calcium carbonate endoskeleton w/ spines 

pedicellariae

small, pincer-like or claw-shaped appendages found on the skin of echinoderms, primarily sea stars and sea urchins

water vascular system

a unique hydraulic network of fluid-filled canals and appendages found exclusively in echinoderms

madreporite

a porous, sieve-like plate found on echinoderms (such as sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars) that acts as a pressure-equalizing valve

ring canal

a circular tube or vessel found in several biological and geological contexts. Most commonly, it refers to a central structure in the bodies of certain aquatic animals

radial canal

generally acts as a pathway for distributing nutrients, water, or waste

ampullae

a sac-like, bulbous, or flask-shaped structure. allows them to detect small magnetic waves