Chapter 3 Test Review Guide - Bio 1

Zacharias Jensen -

Created 1st compound microscopes

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek -

Discovered bacteria on his teeth (animalecules)

Robert Hooke -

Made up the term “cell” after looking at a cork

Mahias Schleiden -

Discovered that all plants were made of cells

Theodor Schwann -

Discovered that all animals were made of cells (swan)

Rudolf Virchow -

Cells came from preexisting cells

Robert Remack -

Originally Claimed cells come from preexisting cells

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?

1. All  organisms are made of cells

2. All existing cells are made of pre-existing cells

3. A cell is the most basic unit of life

Eukaryotic cells

Animals, fungi, plant cells

What is a Plasma Cell Membrane made of?

• Made up of a layer of phospholipids (bilayer)

• Semi-Permeable

• Fluid Mosaic

Lysosome

Both cells - Mainly animal (few/none in plant)

Cell Wall

Plant Cells - Surrounds the cell membrane

Chloroplast

Plant cells - Uses them to perform photosynthesis

Vacuole

Both Cells - Mainly Plant (large) (small or none in animal)

Prokaryotic Cell Organelles

No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles *except ribosomes, smaller, less complex

Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm *DNA….other organelles

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, larger, more complex

Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm *DNA….other organelles

Active

High -> Low (With gradient)

Passive

Low -> High (Against gradient)

Exocytosis - 

Process of molecules exiting the cell (exits the vesicle)

Endocytosis -

Molecules come inside (engulf) the cell: Phagocytosis

Regular Active Transport -

Uses energy (ATP), uses carrier proteins to move sodium + potassium ions/molecules across the membrane

Osmosis -

Movement of water molecules from high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane (Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic)

Facilitated Diffusion -

Helps transport amino acids, carbs, and ions in channel proteins

Simple Diffusion -

Anything BUT water molecules, helps move CO2, H, and O across the membrane

Concentration:

The amount of substance in a particular volume.

Concentration gradient:

An area that has at least two sections with different concentrations of a cell.

Prokaryotic Cell:

Bacteria

Equilibrium

When the net flow of molecules on either side of the membrane is zero.

Semi-permeable

The cell membrane allows some but not all materials to cross in or out of the cell.

Hypertonic

Water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrink. Has a higher concentration of solute than the cell. (more solute outside of the cell)

Hypotonic

Water flows into the cell, diffusing into it causing it to expand. A solution has a lower concentration of solute than the concentration inside the cell.

Isotonic

Water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate, and cell size remains the same. The solution and the cell have the same concentration of solute.

How does the Plasma Cell Membrane work?

Regulates the transportation materials that enter/exit the cell (with or without proteins) Proteins are used for molecules that have a hard time getting through the membrane on their own

A solution has 75% water and 15% sugar. A cell has 60% water and 40% sugar. The solution is considered to be

hypotonic

A solution has 91% water and 9% sugar. A cell has 73% water and 27% sugar. The solution is considered to be

hypotonic

A solution has 65% water and 35% sugar. A cell has 65% water and 35% sugar. The solution is considered to be

isotonic

Does diffusion require energy?

No, since it is a passive transport process it does not require energy.

Is osmosis passive or active transport?

Passive Transport

During osmosis, what molecules move across the membrane?

Water molecules

What is phagocytosis?

When cells engulf other cells/living particles