Lecture 24: Migration and Animal Sounds

Migration

Seasonal mass movement of animals over long or short distances, involving a switch from one habitat to another, and can occur multiple times throughout an individual's life.

daily migration

Can migrate to sun (golden jelly) or up in depth

amphibian and reptile migration

Migrate to breeding ground or egg laying site

why migrate?

Seasonal temperature changes, changes within lifespans

Hyperphagia

Excessive appetite before migration to store up energy, eat a lot and store fat

Shorebird Stopover

Delaware bay, NJ many birds stop to eat horseshoe crabs

bird navigation

Sight, magnetic field, sun and stars

freshwater eels

Panmitic species (all congregate to breed), freshwater estuaries in adulthood and spawn 300m down in ocean, larvae take 1 year to return to estuaries

salmon

Anadromous, spend adult lives at sea and spawn in freshwater, migrate downstream as juveniles and spend 3-4 years in ocean growing, return to parent stream using olfactory sense to spawn

Catadromous

Refers to fish like eels that live in freshwater but migrate to the ocean to spawn.

Anadromous

Refers to fish like salmon that spend their adult lives at sea and return to freshwater to spawn.

Bar-tailed Godwit

A bird species known for its long migration from Australia/New Zealand to Alaska, with a non-stop flight of 11,000 km over 9 days.

Arctic Tern

A bird species with the longest migration of any animal, traveling 70,000 km yearly from pole to pole, breeding in the Arctic and spending summers in the Antarctic.

Horseshoe Crab

A species whose eggs are a crucial food source for shorebirds during migration, with overharvesting leading to declines in shorebird populations.

Culverts

Structures constructed beneath roads to allow animals safe passage during migration, reducing the hazards of road crossings for amphibians and reptiles.

Osmotic Regulation

The process of maintaining the balance of fluids in an organism.

Hyperosmotic Regulators

Organisms, like freshwater fish, that regulate their internal environment to be more concentrated than their external environment.

Hypoosmotic Regulators

Organisms, like marine fish, that regulate their internal environment to be less concentrated than their external environment.

Migration in mammals

Breed in tropical waters and spend summer in the arctic eating, most marine animals migrate not terrestrial

bird calls

Short and simple, both sexes use, coordinate behaviors

Bird songs

Longer and more complex, specific repeated patterns, innate or learned, male