PE - Applied Anatomy and Physiology

skeleton, muscular system, cardio-respiratory system, aerobic + anaerobic exercise, the effects of exercise

Function of Skeleton: Structure and Support

bones offer the framework to support the body and house vital organs

Function of Skeleton: Protection of Vital Organs

different types of bones protect vital organs such as the heart, brain and lungs

Function of Skeleton: Mineral Storage

bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphate

Function of Skeleton: Movement

bones act as levers for muscles to allow the body to move

Function of Skeleton: Blood Cell Production

bone marrow creates blood cells

The four types of bones

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

Long Bones

used in most of our movements e.g. running, throwing

Short Bones

used to help you to grip things and enable you to balance and perform fine movements

Flat Bones

used for protection

Irregular Bones

unique functions

examples of long bones

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges, metatarsals

examples of short bones

carpals, tarsals

examples of irregular bones

vertebrae, patella, jawbones, cheekbone

examples of flat bones

cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, pelvis

the main head/neck bones and functions

cranium (flat bone, offers protection for the brain), vertebrae (irregular bone, protect the spinal cord and offers support for the weight of the body and head.)

the main shoulder bones and functions

scapula (flat bone, attaches the upper arm to the trunk of the body, allowing for movement of the arm to occur), humerus (long bone, between elbow and shoulder joint, also known as the ‘funny bone’)

allow us to perform sporting actions such as rotation of the arm in swimming

the main chest bones and functions

sternum (flat bone, forms in front of the rib cage, offers protection to the lungs and heart), ribs (flat bone, protection to the lungs and heart, supports chest and upper body structure, also allows respiration)

allow us to perform sporting actions safely, like when receiving body shots in boxing

the main elbow bones and functions

ulna (long bone, allows for rotation of the forearm), radius (long bone, connects with the wrist joint, and also located in the forearm), humerus

allow us to perform sporting actions such as throwing a ball effectively

the main hip bones and functions

pelvis (flat bone, offers the location for many muscles to join, allows us to move, sit, and kneel.) femur (long bone, longest and strongest bone in the body, transmits force from the tibia to the hip joint.)

allow us to perform sporting actions such as jogging and running effectively.

the main knee bones and functions

femur (long bone, connects to the tibia at the knee joint), tibia (long bone, bears most of the body’s weight and absorbs shock as we walk or run. plays an essential role in movement of the body)

allow us to perform sporting actions such as kicking a football efficiently.

the main ankle bones and functions

tibia (long bone), fibula (long bone, calf bone, located laterally to the tibia, stabilises the ankle and supports the muscles in the lower leg), talus (short bone, allows lower body movement from the ankle joint)

allow us to perform sporting actions such as lunging to reach a badminton shot effectively.

joint

the place where 2 or more bones meet

synovial joints

the most common form of joint in the human body, joints filled with fluid that surrounds cartilage attached at the end of each of the bones that meet at the joint

Synovial Joints: Capsule

surrounds the joint, lined by a synovial membrane

Synovial Joints: Ligaments

join bones to bones, preventing unnecessary movements and dislocations

Synovial Joints: Synovial Fluid

lubricates the joints and is created in the capsule, which reduces friction and wear of the joint

Synovial Joints: Bursae

further small bags of synovial fluid, surround the joint to prevent fiction from the movement of tendons across the surface of the joint

Ligaments

join bone to bone

Tendons

join muscle to bone

6 types of synovial joints

ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, gliding

Ball and Socket joints

most moveable joint, turns in many directions (hip and shoulder)

Hinge joints

bone can swing back and forward, like a door (knee and elbow)

Pivot joints

only allows rotation (neck (atlas and acid) and joint between radius and ulna - below elbow)

Saddle joints

allows movement back and forward and from side to side, with a greater range of motion than the condyloid joints (joint at the base of the thumb.)

Condyloid joints

allows movement back and forward and from side to side (at the wrist between radius and carpals)

Gliding joints

allows movement over each other, smallest movement of all synovial joints (between carpals and between tarsals)

hinge joints examples

located at the knee and the elbow

flexion and extension

preparing for (F) and kicking a ball (E)

ball and socket joints examples

located at the shoulder and the hip

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation

rowing pulling (F), rowing recovery (E), sidesteps (Ab), breaststroke arms (Ad), front crawl arms (R)

condyloid joints examples

located at the wrist

flexion, extension, rotation

badminton smash pre (F), badminton smash exe (E), badminton drop shot (R)

pivot joints examples

located at the neck

rotation

front crawl breathing

flexion

bending the joint, so that the angle of the joint decreases

extension

straightening the joint, so that the angle of the joint increases

rotation

the movement of the joint at 360 degrees

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement towards the midline of the body

three types of muscle contraction

isotonic (concentric and eccentric) and isometric

concentric muscle contraction

when the muscle shortens (bicep shortens when the elbow bends)

eccentric muscle contraction

when the muscle gradually lengthens and returns to its normal length and shape (bicep lengthens when the arm straightens back up after it has been bent)

isometric muscle contraction

no actual movement of a limb or a joint so the length of the muscle is not affected. muscles are still working although they are stationary (gymnast holding a handstand)