Sleep & Dreaming Exam 1

Who is responsible for beginning the modern scientific study of sleep?

Henri Pieron

In early observations, where did people believe the source of sleepiness came from?

The stomach

During which time period did the theory that sleep helps with regeneration emerge?

500–0 BCE

Which of the following is not a behavioral criterion used to define sleep?

Behavioral rituals after sleep

Which behavioral criterion proved most important in defining sleep without EEG?

Increased arousal thresholds and decreased responsiveness to external stimulation

What behavioral characteristic is shared by both bees and fruit flies?

Sleep rebound

What measurement is used both in captivity and in the wild to study natural sleep?

EEG

_ sleep refers to high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG patterns, while ____ sleep refers to low-amplitude, high-frequency patterns.

NREM, REM

Which consensus do sleep researchers agree on about EEG-defined sleep?

EEG-defined sleep represents a measure of essential housekeeping functions of the brain

NREM-REM EEG readings from humans prove that sleep is necessary for all animals.

False

What aspect of sleep in marine and fully aquatic mammals is unique?

Sleep is unihemispheric in water

How does sleep in birds differ from mammals?

Birds do not experience full muscle atonia

How long is a typical REM cycle in birds?

10 seconds

Episodes of REM in birds are typically much shorter than in mammals. Birds spend time in REM sleep overall.

Less

Which animals show no evidence of NREM sleep patterns on EEG?

Frogs

What have studies on reptiles revealed about their sleep?

Some studies suggest reptiles display elements of behavioral sleep

True or False: All fish adopt the same sleep-specific postures.

False

What is the most studied invertebrate model in sleep research?

Fruit flies

Which species tend to get more sleep?

Predatory species

Which of the following is not a theorized reason sleep evolved?

Defense

What is the main attraction of the cellular restoration hypothesis?

The hypothesis is universal and can be applied to all animals

Why does the energy conservation hypothesis suggest smaller animals sleep more?

Smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate and NREM sleep is hypometabolic

Which theory dominates the discussion of why animals sleep?

All of the above

Which of the following challenges the restorative argument for sleep?

During REM sleep, the brain and parts of the body, such as the heart, remain very active

While sleep may conserve energy, _ results in an increase in brain metabolism.

NREM, REM

Nocturnal rest in many species is accompanied by respiration and response thresholds.

Reduced, reduced

Which of the following is not evidence that sleep helps with memory processing?

Dreams often include parts of recent memories

Which cognitive processes are impaired by sleep deprivation?

Both procedural and declarative learning

True or False: Evidence suggests a strong link between sleep and memory processing.

True

What does brain housekeeping during sleep highlight?

How we define sleep influences how we understand its function

What caused humans to become detached from the 24-hour light cycle?

All of the above

What is the purpose of endogenous circadian timers?

To synchronize both internal and external rhythms with the 24-hour night cycle

What defines consciousness in the context of sleep science? A. The ability to move freely B. A measurable change in muscle tone C. Awareness of both the environment and our own mental processes D. The presence of brain wave activity

Awareness of both the environment and our own mental processes

True or False: Sleep is considered a state of consciousness.

True

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral criterion used to define sleep? A. Little movement B. Reversibility C. High muscle tone D. Reduced response to stimuli

High muscle tone

What tool is used to measure electrical activity in the brain during sleep studies?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What does the 10–20 International System refer to in sleep studies? A. A sleep scoring system B. A hormone regulation cycle C. A standard for electrode placement on the scalp D. A range of typical sleep latency

A standard for electrode placement on the scalp

What is the symbol and unit of measurement for EEG frequency?

Hz (hertz)

Fill in the blank: The amplitude of brain waves is measured in ________.

Microvolts (μV)

Which brainwave activity is associated with alert wakefulness? A. Alpha B. Beta C. Theta D. Delta

Beta

Which of the following describes alpha wave activity? A. High frequency, low amplitude B. Synchronous waves at 8–12 Hz C. Irregular, desynchronous waves D. Large amplitude waves below 3 Hz

Synchronous waves at 8–12 Hz

Match the EEG wave with its associated sleep state: - Beta - Alpha - Theta - Delta

Beta: Alert, paying attention; Alpha: Relaxed wakefulness; Theta: Drowsiness/light sleep; Delta: Deep sleep

Which of the following describes muscle activity during deep sleep? A. High amplitude EMG signals B. Increased muscle tone C. Reduced or absent muscle tone D. Bursts of voluntary movement

Reduced or absent muscle tone

What is the primary function of the EOG in sleep studies?

Measuring electrical activity in the eyes

According to the AASM’s 2007 rules, what proportion of time do humans typically spend awake during a 24-hour period?

Two-thirds

In the transition state between wakefulness and sleep (wake-sleep), which EEG waves are present?

Alpha and Theta

Which of the following are markers of Stage 2 NREM sleep? A. Sleep spindles and K-complexes B. REM and saw-tooth waves C. Alpha waves and slow rolling eyes D. High muscle tone and rapid eye movement

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

In which NREM sleep stage do delta waves predominate?

N3 (slow wave sleep)

What distinguishes REM sleep in EEG and EMG recordings?

Fast, low amplitude EEG waves and muscle atonia in EMG

What is the difference between phasic and tonic REM?

Phasic REM includes rapid eye movements; tonic REM has none

Which of the following cognitive functions is improved by sleep acquisition? A. Immune response B. Eye coordination C. Problem solving D. Digestion

Problem solving

What role does the hippocampus play in memory consolidation during sleep?

It stores short-term memories that are later transferred to the neocortex

What happens to REM periods as the night progresses?

They become longer and more frequent

Which stage of sleep predominates in the first third of the night?

N3 (slow wave sleep)

What is sleep efficiency (SE)?

The proportion of time asleep while in bed

What is the term for the amount of time it takes to fall asleep?

Sleep onset latency

What is sleep debt?

The amount by which sleep falls short of a person’s biological need

Fill in the blank: ________ is the biological push toward sleep, also known as sleepiness.

Sleep pressure

According to research on rats, how many days of total sleep deprivation can lead to death?

11–22 days

Which of the following causes sleep-onset REM? A. Infancy B. Narcolepsy C. Sleep deprivation D. Depression E. All of the above

All of the above