WEEK 2 - MACROMOLECULES

Protein

15% of body composition
Organic molecule

Amino Acids

building blocks of protein

22 amino acids

how many amino acids needed for protein synthesis?

Ribosome

location of protein synthesis

Peptide bond

what bonds amino acid?

Metabolic production

synthesis means?

CHONT (50, 7, 20, 17, 6)

Protein contains?

Protein

provides structure and support
functions as enzymes, hormones, and anti-bodies

Enzymes

catalyst

Hormones

in-charge of regulation of physiologic reaction

Antibodies

opposition of pathogen, antigen

Protein Synthesis

critical cellular function necessary for survival

Lipids

Organic macromolecule
Present in all tissues

Structural component of cell membrane

Glycerol and Fatty Acid

building blocks of lipids

1:3 or 10%:90%

ratio of glycerol to fatty acid

Lipids

2% of body composition

CHO (76. 12, 12)

lipids contains?

Lipids

Thermal insulator
Fuel for the body
Energy storage

Catabolism

Glycogen (10%) → Glucose
Fatty acid → x glucose → 1G + 3FA → Fat

Anabolic

small to large

Catabolic

large to small

Carbohydrates

saccharides
organic macromolecule

Monosaccharide (sugar)

building blocks of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

plant starches, animal glycogen, human glycogen

Glucose

simple sugar (C6H12O6)

Polysaccharides

complex sugar (C6H10O5n)

Polysaccharides to Glucose

catabolism in carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

provides fuel for cell metabolism
provides shape and stability
provides energy storage

Glycogen

provides energy storage

Glucose

direct source

Glycogen

indirect source

Nucleic Acid

1% of body composition
important to human metabolism

DNA and RNA

examples of nucleic acid

Carbon

forms the core structure

Hydrogen

binds to the carbon backbone

Oxygen

part of the sugar and phosphate groups (nucleotide)

Nitrogen

builds the bases (A, T, C, G, U)

Phosphorus

makes up the backbone links

holds the middle part

sugar does?

links each sugar

phosphate do what?

carries the code

nitrogen bases do what?

Uracil

base component of RNA

Thymine

base component of DNA

CHONP (35-39, 4-5, 32-35, 15-16, 9-10)

nucleic acids contain what

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

most radiosensitive target molecule
command or control molecule for cell function
contains all hereditary information

Nucleus

location of DNA

Double helix

configuration of DNA

Deoxyribose

sugar component of DNA

Cytoplasm, nucleus

location of RNA

mRNA, tRNA

types of RNA

Single helix

configuration of RNA

Ribose

sugar component of RNA

Cell Proliferation

the act of a single cell or a group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number

Mitosis

somatic cell

Meiosis

Germ Cell

Reduction division

second division in meiosis

24 hours

cell cycle time in humans

Cell generation time

one mitosis to the next

G1 Phase

longest phase

11 hours

how many hours is the longest phase?

M Phase

shortest phase

1 hour

how long is the shortest phase?

Cell Cycle

Interphase, M Phase

G1, S, G2

Interphase

PMAT

M Phase

S Phase

Replication phase

M phase

most radiosensitive phase

S Phase

most radioresistant phase

Metaphase

where could mitosis stop?

Metaphase

DNA damage can only be seen thru microscope, at what specific phase?

Interphase

no chromosome

Chromatid, centrosome

parts of chromosome

S phase

Chromosome damage replication

G1

Damage by radiation

Telophase

cytokinesis
dumbbell

Anaphase

reduce to half

8 hours

how long is the S phase?

4 hours

how long is G2?

Pre-DNA Synthesis Phase

G1 is called the

DNA Synthesis Phase

S phase is called the

Post0DNA Synthesis Phase

G2 phase is called

Mitosis Phase

m phase is called

Spermatogonia

most sensitive in sperm

Mature follicle

most sensitive in egg cell

Lymphocytes - Nerve Cells

least radioresistant in cell type

Lymphocytes - Nerve Cells

most radiosensitive in cell type

Nerve cells - Lymphocytes

most radioresistant

Nerve cell - Lymphocytes

least radiosensitive

Basal

radiosensitive in skin cell

Intestinal crypt cell

radiosensitive in GI tract

Pluripotent cells

radiosensitive in all cell

Lymphocytes, Spermatogonia, Erythroblasts, Intestinal Crypt Cells, Endothelial Cells, Osteoblasts, Spermatids, Fibroblasts, Muscle Cells, Nerve Cells

radiosensitivity highest to lowest