Huge - U2 Review

population distribution

where people live, locations on the earth’s surface

demography

study of population characteristics, such as their age, gender, occupation, fertility rate, health, etc.

ecumene

portion of earth’s surface that is occupied by permanent human settlement

people like good weather, living by the coast, in cities

carrying capacity

max number of people land can withstand, sustain, hold

arithmetic density

total number of people DIVIDED by land area

how many people live in a certain area, a sq mile

physiological density

total number of people DIVIDED by farmable land

how much agricultural land we have

agriculture density

total number of farmers compared to land suitable for agriculture

how many farmers we have, or how advanced our technology is

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

live birth rates per year after 1k ppl alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

live death rate per year every 1k ppl alive in society

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

percentage that population grows in a year

NIR

CBR - CDR/10

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average number of children woman will have during

doubling rate

time it takes to double population

70 divided by birth rate

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

annual number of deaths of infants under 1 years old (compared to total live births)

life expectancy

years newborns/people can expect to live for at current morbidity levels/conditions

dependency ratio

population of people under 15 or over age of 65 (age groups that need the assistance of working age people)

population pyramid

graph that shows distribution of different age groups (by 5) and sex ratio of a region

developing countries

wider bases, younger people (because of more babies, and small life span)

developed countries

are wealthier, have uniform (equal) shaped pyramids (because of less babies and a longer life span)

Malthusian Theory

we are becoming overpopulated (globally)

population will outpace food production. population increases geometrically while food increase arithmetically

turned out as false

Thomas Malthus

experienced industrial revolution

thanos !

Esther Boserup

opposite as Malthus

agriculture rise

population increase = they will solve the issue with technology

Neo-Malthusians

concerned about sustainability

focus on earth’s resources (limited), we don’t use them wisely

do not distribute food across the globe properly

expansive policy

seek to increase population, more babies

soviet union, denmark, sweden

“pro-natalist”

restrictives policy

see to decrease population, less babies

China and India, sometimes Kenya

“anti-natalist”

eugenic policy

favors one racial or cultural sector of population

nazis and japan

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

analyze and predict trends in population

how country progresses from pre to post industrial

DTM Stage 1 (Low Growth/High Stationary)

high cbr and cdr

more children need to help on fields, women not working or in school, families urged to start early

diseases, poor diet, healthcare, water

youth dependant, agricultural

wide base triangle

no country examples; some tribes?

DTM Stage 2 (Agricultural Societies)

high cbr (about the same as 1), slowing cdr - natural increase is rapid rise/population boom

better nutrition and sanitation, meds and vaccines.

equilateral triangle

Parkistan, Afghanistan, Subsahara Africa, Guatemala

DTM Stage 3 (Industrial Societies)

slowing cbr and cdr

children are getting costly, contraception use, women education rise

more access to meds and food preservation

industrialization: moving to the cities/urbanization, women working, increase of machine-use, homes

wide straight base, triangle up top/house shape

Brazil, India, Mexico

DTM Stage 4

same cbr, same cdr, both are low - natural increase steadys

elderly dependant

high/post industrialization

women in family planning, have jobs, some may not have children at all

(more developed countries) North America, Japan, West Europe

DTM Stage 5 (contested, argued that there is no stage 5)

low cbr and cdr

replacement rate is lwo

ZPG: zero population growth

medically advanced

Japan and Germany

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

predictable statistics of country while developing, what is harming them, reason for death rate

ETM Stage 1 (Pestilence & Famine)

infectious diseases, no vaccines or medication

cholera, tuberculosis

pandemics, epidemics, plague

animal attacks

malnutrition

ETM Stage 2 (Receding Pandemics)

diseases and sickness is decreasing because of discovery of vaccines - industrial revolution

sanitation and nutrition improve

agricultural revolution - more crops

ETM Stage 3 (Degenerative and Human Made Diseases)

human induced diseases like cancer, heart diseases, and diabetes is caused by lifestyle choices

alzheimer’s and dementia due to longer life expectancy

ETM Stage 4 (Delayed Degenerative Diseases)

medical advancements decreases sickness

ETM Stage 5 (reemergence of Pandemics & Infectious Diseases)

return of epidemics and pandemic

covid

anti-biotics

Migration

permanent or semi-permanent movement from place to place

immigration

coming into an area

emmigration

leaving an area

net migration

numerical value of difference between emigration and immigration

international migration

permanently moving from one country to another, crossing boarders

national/internal

moving within country

forced

moving due to violence/war, for survival

voluntary

moving by one’s own means, choice, usually for jobs

interregional

moving from one region of a country to another (rural → urban)

intraregional

movement within region

step migration

taking “steps” from country to country with a final destination in mind, short distances instead of one big step

brain drain

the best of the best people in another country moving to another country - repeatedly. Slowly takes out all the smart and creative people

vice versa = brain gain

remittances

sending back money and goods to country of origin (family) after moving/migrating; improves economy of country of origin

chain migration

occurs when someone moves to a country and they recommend moving to the country to a family member or friend, and continues

gravity model

measuring interactions between two cities

ranked places that people want to migrant to, in order

intervening obstacle

something that gets in the way of someone moving to their final destination

visa, language barrier, to far from family

intervening oppritunity

something that positively stops a person from moving to their final destination because they like something in their “step move”

community, job, etc.

guest woker

someone that leaves a country to move to another country temporarily to work there

usually physical jobs like field and construction

quota

a limit/rules amount of people that can move into the country, cut off due to terrorism, or just not being able to afford that many people