Anatomy and Physiology Blood

Thrombus

fixed clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

Buffy coat

whitish layer; contains leukocytes and platets

hemophilia

inherited clotting defect caused by absence of blood clotting factor

Hemocytoblast

stem cell that creates all formed element cells

Leukocytosis

increased leukocyte count; above 11000; generally indicates a bacterial or viral infection

what is the major constituent of blood

plasma

number of erythrocytes per mm^3

4-6 million

number of leukocytes per mm^3

4000-11000

number of platelets per mm^3

250,000-500,000

what salts are found in plasma

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate

function of salts in blood plasma

Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability

what is the function of plasma proteins in the blood plasma

osmotic balance, pH buffering, Clotting of blood, Defense, and lipid transport

what nutrients are transported by the blood

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins

waht waste products of the metabolism are transported by the blood

urea, uric acid

Why don't erythrocytes have organelles

to provide more space for hemoglobin to transport more oxygen

function of neutrophils

active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections

function of eosinophils

Kill parasitic worms; increases during allergy attacks; might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals

function of lymphocytes

part of immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses and activating B lymphocytes

function of monocytes

active phagocytes that become macrophages in tissues; increased number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis; long-term cleanup team

what is the general temperature of blood

arund 100 degrees(98.6 degrees); slightly higher than normal body temperature

physical characteristics of blood

Sticky, opaque, fluid with metallic taste

what stem cell only produces lymphocytes

lymphoid stem cells

what feedback mechanism is responsible for controlling blood production

negative feedback mechanism

what stimulates the production of erythrocytes in Red bone marrow

erythropoietin

what are the Vascular spasms

2nd phase of blood clotting; anchored platelets release serotonin which causes the vessels to go into spasms to narrow the blood vessel and prevent blood vessel

what is coagulation

final step in blood clotting; injured tissues release tissue factor (TF); PF3 (a phospholipid on platelet surfaces) interacts with TF, vitamin K, and other blood protein clotting factors and calcium to form an activator that triggers the clotting cascade; this prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin enzyme; thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into long insoluble fibrin and after an hour the slot squeezes serum that seals the gap

what is the role of serotonin in blood clotting

causes blood vessel to go into spasms

what ion is essential for blood clotting

calcium; combines with other substances to form prothrombin activator

how long does blood clotting take

3-6 minutes

what makes up prothrombin activator

PF3, TF, vitamin K, calcium, and other blood protein clotting factors

what makes up fibrin

thrombin and fibrinogen

what are platelets formed from

megakaryocytes; formed in bone marrow

what is hemophilia

hereditary beleeding disorder in which blood fails to clot

how much blood can you lose before there is a danger of shock

30%

what happens in a transfusion reaction

the erythrocytes that were given to the patient are attacked by the immune system; dizzy, kidney shutdown

what determines someones blood type

the antigens on the surface of the Erythrocytes and the antibodies that it produces

what is aggulation

the binding to antibodies which causes erythrocytes to clump

what antigens does type A blood make

A antigens

what antibodies to type A blood make

anti-B antibodies

what antigens does type B blood make

B antigens

what antibodies does type B blood make

anti-A antibodies

what antigens does type AB blood make

anti-A and anti-B antigens

what antibodies does type AB blood make

no antibodies

what antibodies does type O blood make

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

what is the most common blood type

O positive

what blood type is the universal recipient; why

Type AB; it does not make antibodies so it will not attack any blood that it recieves

what is Rh

the presence of Rh antigens on erythrocytes

what is the potential problem with a Rh-negative mother and a Rh-positive baby

the mother will make antibodies against the Rh-positive Erythrocytes (Rh is foreign to the mother) and will attack any Rh-positive babies that the mother carries after this one.

How do you treat a Rh-negative mother with a Rh-positive baby

she is given a RhoGAM serum after giving birth to prevent sensitization and a subsequent immune response

Embolus

when a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and float freely in the bloodstream

Hemoglobin

and iron-bearing protein that transports oxygen through the blood; found in erythrocytes

coagulation

3rd step of clotting blood

agglutination

binding of antibodies that causes RBC's to clump; found when blood typing (artifical)

Erythropoiesis

process of making red blood cells

Hemostasis

stoppage of blood flow; platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation

Diapedesis

ability of Leukocytes to slip into and out of blood vessels

Chemotaxis

Leukocytes ability to locate tissue damage and infection by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from damaged cells

Hemolysis

rupture of erythrocytes (sickle cell anemia)

Hematocrit

percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume; 45%

Leukopenia

abnormally low leukocyte count; commonly caused by certain drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

Plasma (composition)

made of water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and respiratory gasses

Formed elements (composition)

made of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and platelets

what percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

what percentage of blood is formed elements

45%

function of erythrocytes

transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

function of leukocytes

defense and immunity

function of platelets

blood clotting

function of water in blood plasma

solvent for carrying other substance; absorbs heat

What plasma proteins are found in the blood

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins

what is the Buffy coat composed of

leukocytes and platelets

what type of tissue is blood classified as

Connective tissue

what is thelifespan of a red blood cell

100-120 days

what is the function of hemoglobin

to carry oxygen; one hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygens

function of Basophils

granules contain histamine (vasodilator chemical), which is discharges at sites of inflammation

characteristics of granulocytes

lobed nuclei and stained cytoplasm with cytoplasmic granules

characteristics of agranulocytes

no visible granules and more normal nuclei

what is general pH of blood

between 7.35 and 7.45

What stem cell produces all formed elements

hemocytoblast stem cell

what stem cell produces all formed elements except for lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells

what causes the kidneys to release erythropoietin

reduced oxygen levels in the blood

what causes the kidneys to stop the release of erythopoiein

increased oxygen levels in the blood

where is erythropoietin produced

the kidneys

What is platelet plug (white thrombus) formation

1st step in blood clotting; platelets become sticky and cling to damaged site' anchored platelets release chemical to attract more platelets

what is thrombocytopenia

a bleeding disorder that results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets

how is blood typed

mix the blood samples with two different types of immune serum (anti-A and anti-B) and look for clumping in each serum

what antigens does type O blood make

no antigens

what blood type is the universal donor; why

Type O; it does not have any antigens so other blood types' antibodies will not attack it