Quiz 2 - Intro to Cellular and Molecular Biology

Materialism

Nature is composed of matter and energy, and behaves by discoverable, constant rules

Empiricism

Relies on evidence obtained through observation and testing

The scientific method

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Collect Data, Analyze

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon

Prediction

If (restate hypothesis), Then (describe expected comparison between control and experimental groups)

Experimental Group

Group manipulated by the researcher

Control Group

Group not manipulated by the researcher

Placebo

A pill or treatment that does not contain the substance being tested but is identical in preparation and appearance.

Variable

A factor that can be set by an experimenter to test it's effect on a phenomenon

Blind Experimental Design

Subjects of experiment do not know which treatment they are getting

Double-Blind Experimental Design

Neither the subjects nor the experimenter know which treatment the subject receives

Manipulative Experiment

One variable is manipulated by the researcher, then the manipulated and the unmanipulated groups are compared

Natural (Observational) Experiment

Naturally occurring variations are compared. Researcher observes but does not alter the variable

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all new cells come from existing cells

Theory of Common Descent

All living organisms on Earth share a common genealogical and genetic origin

Endosymbiotic Theory

Complex eukaryotic cells evolved when smaller prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger, host cells, and established a permanent, mutually beneficial relationship

Prokaryote Domains

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Domains

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Similarities

Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, DNA

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Differences

No membrane-bound organelles, no cell wall, DNA not within nucleus (Prokaryote)

Nucleoid

Region within cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell occupied by DNA

Nucleus

Contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell

Nucleolus

Compact DNA region within nucleus with genes that code for ribosome components

Chromosome

DNA assembled with proteins

Vesicle

Small, membrane-bound transport unit

Vacuole

Fluid filled space that can push against cell wall to give turgor pressure

Plasma Membrane

Flexible “shell” keeping cell components together

Ribosome

Makes proteins that cells need, not an organelle because it lacks a lipid membrane

Organelle

A specialized structure in a cell that performs a specific job

Cytoplasm

Gel that fills inside of cell

Rough ER

Ribosomes attached to outside, proteins enter to be modified, folded, and prepared for transport

Smooth ER

No ribosomes attached, functions in lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of membrane-bound structures where proteins are modified, then sorted and prepared for transport

Lysosome

Have digestive enzymes to digest components like damaged organelles or material entering cell

Mitochondrion

Converts energy from fuel molecules to ATP

Chloroplast

Harnesses solar energy. Where photosynthesis occurs in plants.

Proton

Mass of 1 and positive charge

Neutron

Mass of 1 and no charge

Electron

Negligible mass and negative charge

Element

chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

Atom

smallest unit of matter holding properties of an element

Shells

energy levels around the nucleus

Valence Shell

outermost shell of an atom

Valence electrons

determine an atom’s chemical properties, and how it will behave in chemical reactions

Reactivity

tendency to form bonds with other atoms

Octet Rule

elements will combine to create 8 electrons in their valence shell